Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

14 Therapeutic Strategies in Fungal Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Human Fungal Pathogens

Part of the book series: The Mycota ((MYCOTA,volume 12))

  • 2200 Accesses

Abstract

In the care of patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis (IA), candidiasis (IC), or other invasive fungal diseases (IFD), clinicians may consider different treatment strategies, i.e., prophylactic, pre-emptive, empiric, and targeted treatment. The choice of an appropriate strategy depends largely on the underlying risk of IFD and the availability of reliable diagnostic tools. Various clinical studies have been conducted to assess the clinical efficacy of different antifungals in the context of these strategies. This chapter aims to give an overview on the available basis of evidence. Finally, the reader will be provided with treatment recommendations for most standard risk populations and situations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abzug MJ, Walsh TJ (2004) Interferon-gamma and colony-stimulating factors as adjuvant therapy for refractory fungal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23:769–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boutati EI, Anaissie EJ (1997) Fusarium, a significant emerging pathogen in patients with hematologic malignancy: ten years’ experience at a cancer center and implications for management. Blood 90:999–1008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caillot D, Thiebaut A, Herbrecht R, de Botton S, Pigneux A, Bernard F, Larche J, Monchecourt F, Alfandari S, Mahi L (2007) Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized pilot study (combistrat trial). Cancer 110:2740–2746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charles PE, Dalle F, Aube H, Doise JM, Quenot JP, Aho LS, Chavanet P, Blettery B (2005) Candida spp. colonization significance in critically ill medical patients: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 31:393–400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornely OA, Ullmann AJ (2008) Numbers needed to treat with posaconazole prophylaxis to prevent invasive fungal infection and death. Clin Infect Dis 46:1626–1627; author reply 1627–1628

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornely OA, Ullmann AJ, Karthaus M (2003) Evidence-based assessment of primary antifungal prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood 101:3365–3372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R, Ullmann AJ, Bouza E, Heussel CP, Lortholary O, Rieger C, Boehme A, Aoun M, Horst HA, Thiebaut A, Ruhnke M, Reichert D, Vianelli N, Krause SW, Olavarria E, Herbrecht R, AmBiLoad Trial Study (2007a) Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 44:1289–1297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, Perfect J, Ullmann AJ, Walsh TJ, Helfgott D, Holowiecki J, Stockelberg D, Goh YT, Petrini M, Hardalo C, Suresh R, Angulo-Gonzalez D (2007b) Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med 356:348–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornely OA, Vehreschild JJ, Vehreschild MJ, Wurthwein G, Arenz D, Schwartz S, Heussel CP, Silling G, Mahne M, Franklin J, Harnischmacher U, Wilkens A, Farowski F, Karthaus M, Lehrnbecher T, Ullmann AJ, Hallek M, Groll AH (2011) Phase II dose escalation study of caspofungin for invasive Aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:5798–5803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, Garbino J, Kullberg BJ, Lortholary O, Meersseman W, Akova M, Arendrup MC, Arikan-Akdagli S, Bille J, Castagnola E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Donnelly JP, Groll AH, Herbrecht R, Hope WW, Jensen HE, Lass-Flörl C, Petrikkos G, Richardson MD, Roilides E, Verweij PE, Viscoli C, Ullmann AJ, f. t. E. F. I. S. (EFISG) (2012) ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. CMI 18:19–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cortez KJ, Roilides E, Quiroz-Telles F, Meletiadis J, Antachopoulos C, Knudsen T, Buchanan W, Milanovich J, Sutton DA, Fothergill A, Rinaldi MG, Shea YR, Zaoutis T, Kottilil S, Walsh TJ (2008) Infections caused by Scedosporium spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:157–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruciani M, Serpelloni G (2008) Management of Candida infections in the adult intensive care unit. Expert Opin Pharmacother 9:175–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruciani M, de Lalla F, Mengoli C (2005) Prophylaxis of Candida infections in adult trauma and surgical intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 31:1479–1487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Antonio D, Mazzoni A, Iacone A, Violante B, Capuani MA, Schioppa F, Romano F (1996) Emergence of fluconazole-resistant strains of Blastoschizomyces capitatus causing nosocomial infections in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 34:753–755

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Almeida GM, Costa SF, Melhem M, Motta AL, Szeszs MW, Miyashita F, Pierrotti LC, Rossi F, Burattini MN (2008) Rhodotorula spp. isolated from blood cultures: clinical and microbiological aspects. Med Mycol 46:547–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denning DW, Marr KA, Lau WM, Facklam DP, Ratanatharathorn V, Becker C, Ullmann AJ, Seibel NL, Flynn PM, van Burik JA, Buell DN, Patterson TF (2006) Micafungin (FK463), alone or in combination with other systemic antifungal agents, for the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. J Infect 53:337–349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ, Hester JP, O’Brien S, Vartivarian SE, Rex JH, Kantarjian H, Jendiroba DB, Lichtiger B, Andersson BS, Freireich EJ (1997) Treatment of neutropenia-related fungal infections with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-elicited white blood cell transfusions: a pilot study. Leukemia 11:1621–1630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont H, Bourichon A, Paugam-Burtz C, Mantz J, Desmonts JM (2003) Can yeast isolation in peritoneal fluid be predicted in intensive care unit patients with peritonitis? Crit Care Med 31:752–757

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggimann P, Francioli P, Bille J, Schneider R, Wu MM, Chapuis G, Chiolero R, Pannatier A, Schilling J, Geroulanos S, Glauser MP, Calandra T (1999) Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 27:1066–1072

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, Mingo DE, Suda KJ, Turpin RS, Bearden DT (2006) Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis 43:25–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Lamaignere C, Roilides E, Maloukou A, Georgopoulou I, Petrikkos G, Walsh TJ (2002a) Amphotericin B lipid complex exerts additive antifungal activity in combination with polymorphonuclear leucocytes against Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. J Antimicrob Chemother 50:1027–1030

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Lamaignere C, Roilides E, Mosquera J, Maloukou A, Walsh TJ (2002b) Antifungal triazoles and polymorphonuclear leukocytes synergize to cause increased hyphal damage to Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2234–2237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girmenia C, Pizzarelli G, D’Antonio D, Cristini F, Martino P (2003) In vitro susceptibility testing of Geotrichum capitatum: comparison of the E-test, disk diffusion, and Sensititre colorimetric methods with the NCCLS M27-A2 broth microdilution reference method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3985–3988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez CE, Couriel DR, Walsh TJ (1997) Disseminated zygomycosis in a neutropenic patient: successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 24:192–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez GM, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG, Loebenberg D (2005) In vitro activities of new and established triazoles against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi. Med Mycol 43:281–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybill JR, Najvar LK, Gonzalez GM, Hernandez S, Bocanegra R (2003) Improving the mouse model for studying the efficacy of voriconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 51:1373–1376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg RN, Mullane K, van Burik JA, Raad I, Abzug MJ, Anstead G, Herbrecht R, Langston A, Marr KA, Schiller G, Schuster M, Wingard JR, Gonzalez CE, Revankar SG, Corcoran G, Kryscio RJ, Hare R (2006) Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:126–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene RE, Schlamm HT, Oestmann JW, Stark P, Durand C, Lortholary O, Wingard JR, Herbrecht R, Ribaud P, Patterson TF, Troke PF, Denning DW, Bennett JE, de Pauw BE, Rubin RH (2007) Imaging findings in acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical significance of the halo sign. Clin Infect Dis 44:373–379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigull L, Beilken A, Schmid H, Kirschner P, Sykora KW, Linderkamp C, Donnerstag F, Goudeva L, Heuft HG, Welte K (2006) Secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections with combination antifungal therapy and G-CSF-mobilized granulocyte transfusions in three children with hematological malignancies. Support Care Cancer 14:783–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horre R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS (2006) Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist. Med Mycol 44:295–327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K, Vande Berg J, Hu J, Messer S, Herwaldt L, Pfaller M, Diekema D (2003) Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 37:1172–1177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guinea J, Recio S, Escribano P, Pelaez T, Gama B, Bouza E (2010a) In vitro antifungal activities of isavuconazole and comparators against rare yeast pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4012–4015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guinea J, Recio S, Escribano P, Torres-Narbona M, Pelaez T, Sanchez-Carrillo C, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Bouza E (2010b) Rapid antifungal susceptibility determination for yeast isolates by use of Etest performed directly on blood samples from patients with fungemia. J Clin Microbiol 48:2205–2212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Bennett JE, Greene RE, Oestmann JW, Kern WV, Marr KA, Ribaud P, Lortholary O, Sylvester R, Rubin RH, Wingard JR, Stark P, Durand C, Caillot D, Thiel E, Chandrasekar PH, Hodges MR, Schlamm HT, Troke PF, de Pauw B, Invasive Fungal Infections Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Global Aspergillus Study Group (2002) Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 347:408–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbrecht R, Maertens J, Baila L, Aoun M, Heinz W, Martino R, Schwartz S, Ullmann AJ, Meert L, Paesmans M, Marchetti O, Akan H, Ameye L, Shivaprakash M, Viscoli C (2010) Caspofungin first-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: an European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer study. Bone Marrow Transplant 45:1227–1233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim AS, Gebremariam T, Fu Y, Edwards JE Jr, Spellberg B (2008) Combination echinocandin-polyene treatment of murine mucormycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:1556–1558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg BJ, Anaissie EJ (1998) Cytokines as therapy for opportunistic fungal infections. Res Immunol 149:478–488, discussion 515

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, Pappas PG, Viscoli C, Rex JH, Cleary JD, Rubinstein E, Church LW, Brown JM, Schlamm HT, Oborska IT, Hilton F, Hodges MR (2005) Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 366:1435–1442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuse ER, Chetchotisakd P, da Cunha CA, Ruhnke M, Barrios C, Raghunadharao D, Sekhon JS, Freire A, Ramasubramanian V, Demeyer I, Nucci M, Leelarasamee A, Jacobs F, Decruyenaere J, Pittet D, Ullmann AJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Lortholary O, Koblinger S, Diekmann-Berndt H, Cornely OA, G. Micafungin Invasive Candidiasis Working (2007) Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 369:1519–1527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner M, de Hoog GS, Verweij PE, Najafzadeh MJ, Curfs-Breuker I, Klaassen CH, Meis JF (2012) Species-specific antifungal susceptibility patterns of Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:2635–2642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Almirante B, Nolla-Salas J, Alvarez-Lerma F, Garnacho-Montero J, Leon MA (2006) A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 34:730–737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Galvan B, Blanco A, Castro C, Balasini C, Utande-Vazquez A, Gonzalez de Molina FJ, Blasco-Navalproto MA, Lopez MJ, Charles PE, Martin E, Hernandez-Viera MA, G. Cava Study (2009) Usefulness of the "Candida score" for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med 37:1624–1633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Castro C, Ubeda A, Loza A, Martin-Mazuelos E, Blanco A, Jerez V, Ballus J, Alvarez-Rocha L, Utande-Vazquez A, Farinas O (2012) Value of beta-d-glucan and Candida albicans germ tube antibody for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in patients with severe abdominal conditions. Intensive Care Med 38:1315–1325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RE, Wiederhold NP, Klepser ME (2005) In vitro pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Scedosporium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:945–951

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lozano-Chiu M, Arikan S, Paetznick VL, Anaissie EJ, Loebenberg D, Rex JH (1999) Treatment of murine fusariosis with SCH 56592. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:589–591

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma B, Seymour JF, Januszewicz H, Slavin MA (2001) Cure of pulmonary Rhizomucor pusillus infection in a patient with hairy-cell leukemia: role of liposomal amphotericin B and GM-CSF. Leuk Lymphoma 42:1393–1399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maertens J, Glasmacher A, Herbrecht R, Thiebaut A, Cordonnier C, Segal BH, Killar J, Taylor A, Kartsonis N, Patterson TF, Aoun M, Caillot D, Sable C, G. Caspofungin Combination Therapy Study (2006) Multicenter, noncomparative study of caspofungin in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy in adults with invasive aspergillosis. Cancer 107:2888–2897

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks DI, Pagliuca A, Kibbler CC, Glasmacher A, Heussel CP, Kantecki M, Miller PJ, Ribaud P, Schlamm HT, Solano C, Cook G (2011) Voriconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis following allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 155:318–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA, Bowden RA, Schoch HG, Flowers ME, Corey L, Boeckh M (2000) Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 96:2055–2061

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marr KA, Boeckh M, Carter RA, Kim HW, Corey L (2004a) Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 39:797–802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marr KA, Crippa F, Leisenring W, Hoyle M, Boeckh M, Balajee SA, Nichols WG, Musher B, Corey L (2004b) Itraconazole versus fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplants. Blood 103:1527–1533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mastroianni A (2004) Paranasal sinus mucormycosis in an immunocompetent host: efficacy and safety of combination therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and adjuvant rHuGM-CSF. Infez Med 12:278–283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michalopoulos AS, Geroulanos S, Mentzelopoulos SD (2003) Determinants of candidemia and candidemia-related death in cardiothoracic ICU patients. Chest 124:2244–2255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C, Colombo AL, Thompson-Moya L, Smietana J, Lupinacci R, Sable C, Kartsonis N, Perfect J (2002) Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 347:2020–2029

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2005) Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3640–3645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz P, Bouza E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Eiros JM, Perez MJ, Sanchez-Somolinos M, Rincon C, Hortal J, Pelaez T (2005) Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 40:1625–1634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nucci M, Anaissie EJ, Queiroz-Telles F, Martins CA, Trabasso P, Solza C, Mangini C, Simoes BP, Colombo AL, Vaz J, Levy CE, Costa S, Moreira VA, Oliveira JS, Paraguay N, Duboc G, Voltarelli JC, Maiolino A, Pasquini R, Souza CA (2003) Outcome predictors of 84 patients with hematologic malignancies and Fusarium infection. Cancer 98:315–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortoneda M, Capilla J, Pujol I, Pastor FJ, Mayayo E, Fernandez-Ballart J, Guarro J (2002) Liposomal amphotericin B and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy in a murine model of invasive infection by Scedosporium prolificans. J Antimicrob Chemother 49:525–529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortoneda M, Capilla J, Pastor FJ, Serena C, Guarro J (2004) Interaction of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and high doses of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of systemic murine scedosporiosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 50:247–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sable C, Sobel J, Alexander BD, Donowitz G, Kan V, Kauffman CA, Kett D, Larsen RA, Morrison V, Nucci M, Pappas PG, Bradley ME, Major S, Zimmer L, Wallace D, Dismukes WE, Rex JH (2007) Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26:271–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paphitou NI, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Paetznick VL, Rodriguez JR, Chen E, Rex JH (2002) In vitro activities of investigational triazoles against Fusarium species: effects of inoculum size and incubation time on broth microdilution susceptibility test results. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3298–3300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paphitou NI, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH (2005) Rules for identifying patients at increased risk for candidal infections in the surgical intensive care unit: approach to developing practical criteria for systematic use in antifungal prophylaxis trials. Med Mycol 43:235–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, De Waele JJ, Vazquez JA, Dupont BF, Horn DL, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Suh B, Digumarti R, Wu C, Kovanda LL, Arnold LJ, Buell DN (2007) Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 45:883–893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelz RK, Hendrix CW, Swoboda SM, Diener-West M, Merz WG, Hammond J, Lipsett PA (2001) Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 233:542–548

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Meis JF, Gould IM, Fu W, Colombo AL, Rodriguez-Noriega E, S. Global Antifungal Surveillance (2007) Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance study, 1997 to 2005: an 8.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species and other yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 45:1735–1745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piarroux R, Grenouillet F, Balvay P, Tran V, Blasco G, Millon L, Boillot A (2004) Assessment of preemptive treatment to prevent severe candidiasis in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 32:2443–2449

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R (1994) Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 220:751–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Playford EG, Webster AC, Sorrell TC, Craig JC (2006a) Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill and surgical patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:628–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Playford EG, Webster AC, Sorrell TC, Craig JC (2006b) Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online):CD004920

    Google Scholar 

  • Raad II, Hanna HA, Boktour M, Jiang Y, Torres HA, Afif C, Kontoyiannis DP, Hachem RY (2008) Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin. Leukemia 22:496–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, Chapman SW, Kett DH, Kumar D, Betts R, Wible M, Goldstein BP, Schranz J, Krause DS, Walsh TJ (2007) Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 356:2472–2482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed C, Bryant R, Ibrahim AS, Edwards J Jr, Filler SG, Goldberg R, Spellberg B (2008) Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 47:364–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, van der Horst CM, Edwards JE, Washburn RG, Scheld WM, Karchmer AW, Dine AP et al (1994) A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med 331:1325–1330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Berenguer J, Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horre R, de Hoog GS, Cuenca-Estrella M (2009) Epidemiology and outcome of Scedosporium prolificans infection, a review of 162 cases. Med Mycol 47:359–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan SY, Chien JY, Hsueh PR (2009) Invasive trichosporonosis caused by Trichosporon asahii and other unusual Trichosporon species at a medical center in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 49:e11–e17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Cendoya M, Marine M, Rodriguez MM, Guarro J (2009) Interactions between triazoles and amphotericin B in treatment of disseminated murine infection by Fusarium oxysporum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1705–1708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruping MJ, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA (2008) Patients at high risk of invasive fungal infections: when and how to treat. Drugs 68:1941–1962

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rüping MJGT, Heinz W, Kindo A, Rickerts V, Lass-Flörl C, Beisel C, Herbrecht R, Roth Y, Silling G, Ullmann AJ, Borchert K, Egerer G, Maertens J, Maschmeyer G, Simon A, Wattad M, Fischer G, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA (2009) Forty-one recent cases of invasive zygomycosis from a global clinical registry. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:296–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Shorr AF, Chung K, Jackson WL, Waterman PE, Kollef MH (2005) Fluconazole prophylaxis in critically ill surgical patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 33:1928–1935, quiz 1936

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Johannes RS, Sun X, Spalding J, Kollef MH (2009) Candidemia on presentation to the hospital: development and validation of a risk score. Crit Care 13:R156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skiada A, Pagano L, Groll A, Zimmerli S, Dupont B, Lagrou K, Lass-Flörl C, Bouza E, Klimko N, Gaustad P, Richardson M, Hamal P, Akova M, Meis JF, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Roilides E, Mitrousia-Ziouva A, Petrikkos G (2011) Zygomycosis in Europe: analysis of 230 cases accrued by the registry of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Working Group on Zygomycosis between 2005 and 2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1859–1867

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R, Levenstein MJ, Schoch HG, Feldman AR, Meyers JD, Bowden RA (1995) Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation–a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 171:1545–1552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin MA, Kannan K, Buchanan MR, Sasadeusz J, Roberts AW (2002) Successful allogeneic stem cell transplant after invasive pulmonary zygomycosis. Leuk Lymphoma 43:437–439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellberg B, Fu Y, Edwards JE Jr, Ibrahim AS (2005) Combination therapy with amphotericin B lipid complex and caspofungin acetate of disseminated zygomycosis in diabetic ketoacidotic mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:830–832

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellberg B, Ibrahim AS, Chin-Hong PV, Kontoyiannis DP, Morris MI, Perfect JR, Fredricks D, Brass EP (2012) The Deferasirox-AmBisome Therapy for Mucormycosis (DEFEAT Mucor) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 67:715–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson GR 3rd, Wiederhold NP, Sutton DA, Fothergill A, Patterson TF (2009) In vitro activity of isavuconazole against Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, Geotrichum, Saccharomyces and Pichia species. J Antimicrob Chemother 64:79–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson SD, Sudman M, Ramos PS, Marion MC, Ryan M, Tsoras M, Weiler T, Wagner M, Keddache M, Haas JP, Mueller C, Prahalad S, Bohnsack J, Wise CA, Punaro M, Zhang D, Rose CD, Comeau ME, Divers J, Glass DN, Langefeld CD (2010) The susceptibility loci juvenile idiopathic arthritis shares with other autoimmune diseases extend to PTPN2, COG6, and ANGPT1. Arthritis Rheum 62:3265–3276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tortorano AM, Prigitano A, Dho G, Esposto MC, Gianni C, Grancini A, Ossi C, Viviani MA (2008) Species distribution and in vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns of 75 clinical isolates of Fusarium spp. from northern Italy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:2683–2685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troke P, Aguirrebengoa K, Arteaga C, Ellis D, Heath CH, Lutsar I, Rovira M, Nguyen Q, Slavin M, Chen SC (2008) Treatment of scedosporiosis with voriconazole: clinical experience with 107 patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:1743–1750

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troughton JA, Browne G, McAuley DF, Walker MJ, Patterson CC, McMullan R (2010) Prior colonisation with Candida species fails to guide empirical therapy for candidaemia in critically ill adults. J Infect 61:403–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, Chandrasekar P, Langston A, Tarantolo SR, Greinix H, Morais de Azevedo W, Reddy V, Boparai N, Pedicone L, Patino H, Durrant S (2007) Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med 356:335–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Burik JA, Ratanatharathorn V, Stepan DE, Miller CB, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, Bunin N, Wall DA, Hiemenz JW, Satoi Y, Lee JM, Walsh TJ (2004) Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 39:1407–1416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Burik JA, Hare RS, Solomon HF, Corrado ML, Kontoyiannis DP (2006) Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases. Clin Infect Dis Official Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 42:e61–e65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vardakas KZ, Samonis G, Michalopoulos A, Soteriades ES, Falagas ME (2006) Antifungal prophylaxis with azoles in high-risk, surgical intensive care unit patients: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Crit Care Med 34:1216–1224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viscoli C, Herbrecht R, Akan H, Baila L, Sonet A, Gallamini A, Giagounidis A, Marchetti O, Martino R, Meert L, Paesmans M, Ameye L, Shivaprakash M, Ullmann AJ, Maertens J, Infectious Disease Group of the EORTC (2009) An EORTC phase II study of caspofungin as first-line therapy of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients. J Chemother 64:1274–1281

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, Hiemenz J, Schwartz C, Bodensteiner D, Pappas P, Seibel N, Greenberg RN, Dummer S, Schuster M, Holcenberg JS (1999) Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 340:764–771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Pappas P, Winston DJ, Lazarus HM, Petersen F, Raffalli J, Yanovich S, Stiff P, Greenberg R, Donowitz G, Schuster M, Reboli A, Wingard J, Arndt C, Reinhardt J, Hadley S, Finberg R, Laverdiere M, Perfect J, Garber G, Fioritoni G, Anaissie E, Lee J (2002) Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. N Engl J Med 346:225–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh TJ, Teppler H, Donowitz GR, Maertens JA, Baden LR, Dmoszynska A, Cornely OA, Bourque MR, Lupinacci RJ, Sable CA, dePauw BE (2004) Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 351:1391–1402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, Kurtzberg J, Small TN, Baden LR, Gersten ID, Mendizabal AM, Leather HL, Confer DL, Maziarz RT, Stadtmauer EA, Bolanos-Meade J, Brown J, Dipersio JF, Boeckh M, Marr KA (2010) Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 116:5111–5118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaas AK, Boyce M, Schell W, Lodge BA, Miller JL, Perfect JR (2003) Risk of fungemia due to Rhodotorula and antifungal susceptibility testing of Rhodotorula isolates. J Clin Microbiol 41:5233–5235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zilberberg MD, Kollef MH, Arnold H, Labelle A, Micek ST, Kothari S, Shorr AF (2010) Inappropriate empiric antifungal therapy for candidemia in the ICU and hospital resource utilization: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 10:150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department I of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, Köln, 50937, Germany

    Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild, Kerstin Wahlers & Oliver A. Cornely

Authors
  1. Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kerstin Wahlers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Oliver A. Cornely
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oliver A. Cornely .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany

    Oliver Kurzai

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vehreschild, M.J.G.T., Wahlers, K., Cornely, O.A. (2014). 14 Therapeutic Strategies in Fungal Infections. In: Kurzai, O. (eds) Human Fungal Pathogens. The Mycota, vol 12. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39432-4_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation