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IP Enforcement Provisions in EU Economic Partnership Agreements

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EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and Intellectual Property: For Better or Worse?

Part of the book series: MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law ((MSIP,volume 20))

Abstract

This paper examines the intellectual property (IP) enforcement approach adopted in the European Union’s economic partnership agreements (EPAs). As will be shown, no clear pattern emerges from the analysis as regards a distinction between agreements with a purely mercantilist stance and those that also incorporate other, non-mercantilist aims. In particular, the EPAs incorporate more or less close copies of the domestic European Union (EU) legislation and accordingly even go beyond the provisions envisaged for the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). One exception to these findings however is the Association Agreement between the EU and the Central American States. This agreement contains fewer TRIPS-plus enforcement provisions and its enforcement level is somewhat closer to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) than to the EU’s domestic legislation and ACTA.

This paper draws upon the findings of a longer article published in EFAR 2012, 411 (Juxtaposed to ACTA or more of the same? A look at IP enforcement under the EU's Economic Partnership Agreements).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    As discussed during the workshop on Economic Partnership Agreements of the EU: A Step Ahead in Reforming International IP Law? organized by the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law (MPI) and held in Frauenchiemsee on 25 to 27 June 2011 (the MPI workshop).

  2. 2.

    Information Paper July 2008.

  3. 3.

    Directive 2004/48/EC.

  4. 4.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003 of 22 July 2003.

  5. 5.

    Directive 2000/31/EC.

  6. 6.

    Agreement text of November 2010, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/may/tradoc_147937.pdf. Accessed 19 October 2011. For a critical assessment cf. the Opinion of European Academics on ACTA, available at http://www.iri.uni-hannover.de/acta-1668.html. Accessed 19 October 2011.

  7. 7.

    As discussed during the MPI workshop and as pointed out at the workshop by Pedro Roffe.

  8. 8.

    DG Trade apparently seeks a change in the setup of EPAs, e.g. by excluding IP altogether.

  9. 9.

    As discussed during the MPI workshop.

  10. 10.

    Economic Partnership Agreement between the CARIFORUM States, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part.

  11. 11.

    The July 2009 interim agreement concluded between the EU and SADC (cf. document no. CE/SADC/en, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/july/tradoc_143982.pdf; accessed 19 October 2011) is essentially limited to goods and contains no IP chapter. The interim agreement may however be followed by a wider (full) trade agreement in the future. However, also discussed during the MPI workshop was the possibility, contemplated by DG Trade, of cutting the IP chapter out of even a full EU-SADC EPA.

  12. 12.

    Draft Consolidated Proposal of 5 June 2007 for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the SADC Group of States, of the one part, and the European Community and Its Member States of the other part, available at http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/doc/280m-07_EC-SADC_EPA_draft_consolidated_June_2007-2.doc. Accessed 19 October 2011.

  13. 13.

    The Central American states are, with the exception of Belize, not part of the ACP group for which the EPAs are designed. Belize is not a party to the EU’s association agreement with Central America but, as a former British colony and CARICOM state, party to CEPA. Apart from this technical distinction between ACP and non-ACP states, the EU’s agreement with the Central American states is similar to the EPAs in that it also pursues the aims of reinforcing political and economic stability, fostering sustainable development and deepening a process of regional integration.

  14. 14.

    Agreement of 22 March 2011 establishing an association between the European Union and its member states on the one hand, and Central America on the other, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=689. Accessed 19 October 2011.

  15. 15.

    Trade Agreement of 23 March 2011 between the European Union and Colombia and Peru, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/march/tradoc_147704.pdf. Accessed 19 October 2011.

  16. 16.

    Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Korea, of the other.

  17. 17.

    Cf. Art. 151 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 13 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 260(1) CAAA (fn 14); also Art. 234(2) and (3) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.41 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  18. 18.

    Cf. Art. 152 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 14 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 261 CAAA (fn 14); also Art. 236 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.42 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  19. 19.

    Cf. Arts 153 and 154 CEPA (fn 10); IP Arts 16 and 17 SAEPA (fn 12); Arts 262 et seq. CAAA (fn 14); also Arts 237 et seq. EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Arts 10.43 et seq. EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  20. 20.

    Cf. Art. 155 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 18 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 264 CAAA (fn 14); also Art. 239 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.45 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  21. 21.

    Cf. Art. 156 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 19 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 265 CAAA (fn 14); also Art. 240 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.46 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  22. 22.

    Cf. Arts 157 to 159 CEPA (fn 10); IP Arts 20 to 22 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 266 CAAA (fn 14); also Arts 241 et seq. EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Arts 10.47 et seq. EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  23. 23.

    Cf. Arts 160 and 161 CEPA (fn 10); IP Arts 23 and 24 SAEPA (fn 12); Arts 267 et seq. CAAA (fn 14); also Arts 244 et seq. EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Arts 10.50 et seq. EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  24. 24.

    Cf. Art. 162 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 24 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 269 CAAA (fn 14); also Art. 246 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.52 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  25. 25.

    Cf. Art. 163 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 26 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 273 CAAA (fn 14); also Art. 249 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.67 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  26. 26.

    Cf. IP Arts 15 and 27 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 270 CAAA (fn 14); also Art. 247 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Arts 10.53 and 10.68 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  27. 27.

    See fn 17 to 25.

  28. 28.

    See fn 26.

  29. 29.

    Arts 42 et seq. TRIPS Agreement.

  30. 30.

    Arts 51 et seq. TRIPS Agreement.

  31. 31.

    Art. 61 TRIPS Agreement.

  32. 32.

    For a definition of TRIPS-plus standards cf. Vivas-Eugui (2003), p. 4.

  33. 33.

    Cf. Art. 42 TRIPS Agreement.

  34. 34.

    Cf. Art. 4 Enforcement Directive.

  35. 35.

    All citations Art. 152 CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 14 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 236 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.42 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly (rightholders, federations, associations and all licensees in accordance with national law) Art. 261(2) CAAA (fn 14).

  36. 36.

    Cf. Art. 6(1) Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 43(1) TRIPS Agreement.

  37. 37.

    Cf. Art. 262 CAAA (fn 14).

  38. 38.

    Art. 153 CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 16 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 237 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.43 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 6(2) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  39. 39.

    Cf. fn 42.

  40. 40.

    Art. 50(1)(b) TRIPS Agreement.

  41. 41.

    Art. 154 CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 17 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 263 CAAA (fn 14); Art. 238 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.44(2) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 7(1) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  42. 42.

    Cf. Art. 12(3) ACTA (fn 6): “seizure … of goods, and of materials and implements relevant to the act of infringement, and, at least for trademark counterfeiting, documentary evidence, either originals or copies thereof”.

  43. 43.

    Cf. Art. 7(5) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  44. 44.

    Cf. Art. 155 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 18 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 239 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.45 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 8 Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  45. 45.

    Cf. Art. 47 TRIPS Agreement.

  46. 46.

    Cf. Art. 264 CAAA (fn 14).

  47. 47.

    Art. 155(1) CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 18(1) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 239(1) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.45(1)(a) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 8(1) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  48. 48.

    Art. 155(2) CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 18(2) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 239(2) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.45(1)(b) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 8(2) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  49. 49.

    Art. 155(3) CEPA (fn 10); similarly IP Art. 18(3) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 239(3) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.45(2) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 8(3) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  50. 50.

    Cf. Art. 155(1) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 18(1) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 239(1) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.45(1) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 47 TRIPS Agreement; Art. 8(1) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  51. 51.

    Cf. Art. 155(3) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 18(3) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 8(3) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  52. 52.

    Cf. Art. 153 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 16 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 237 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.43 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  53. 53.

    Cf. Art. 156(3) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 19(3) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 10.46(3) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  54. 54.

    Cf. Art. 11 ACTA (fn 6).

  55. 55.

    Cf. Art. 156 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 19 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 240 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.46 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 50 TRIPS Agreement; Art. 9 Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 12(3) ACTA (fn 6).

  56. 56.

    Art. 265(2) CAAA (fn 14).

  57. 57.

    Art. 156(3) CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 19(3) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 9(2) Enforcement Directive (fn 3); similarly Art. 10.46(3) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  58. 58.

    Cf. Art. 12(3) ACTA (fn 6).

  59. 59.

    Cf. Art. 9(4) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  60. 60.

    Cf. Art. 12(2) ACTA (fn 6).

  61. 61.

    Cf. Art. 265(1) CAAA (fn 14).

  62. 62.

    Cf. Art. 50(2) TRIPS Agreement.

  63. 63.

    Cf. Art. 265(2) CAAA (fn 14).

  64. 64.

    Cf. Art. 50(3) TRIPS Agreement; Art. 9(3) Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 12(4) ACTA (fn 6).

  65. 65.

    Cf. Art. 265(2) CAAA (fn 14); Art. 9(6) Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 12(5) ACTA (fn 6).

  66. 66.

    Art. 156(1) CEPA (fn 10); similarly IP Art. 19(1) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 250 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.46(1) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  67. 67.

    Cf. Art. 8(3) Directive 2001/29/EC.

  68. 68.

    Cf. Art. 12(1)(a) ACTA (fn 6).

  69. 69.

    Cf. Art. 265 CAAA (fn 14).

  70. 70.

    Cf. Art. 272 CAAA (fn 14).

  71. 71.

    Cf. Arts 250 et seq. EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15).

  72. 72.

    Cf. Arts 12 et seq. Directive 2000/31/EC (fn 5).

  73. 73.

    Cf. Arts 157, 158 and 159 CEPA (fn 10); IP Arts 20, 21 and 22 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 241(1) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.47(1) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Arts 44 and 46 TRIPS Agreement; Arts 10, 11, 12 and 15 Enforcement Directive (fn 3); similarly (less detailed) Art. 266(1) CAAA (fn 14).

  74. 74.

    Cf. Art. 266(1)(b) CAAA (fn 14).

  75. 75.

    Cf. Art. 241(1) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.47(1) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 46, 2nd sentence TRIPS Agreement; Art 10(1), 1st sentence Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 10(2) ACTA (fn 6).

  76. 76.

    Cf. Art. 162 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 25 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 269 CAAA (fn 14); Art. 246 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.52 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 15 Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  77. 77.

    Cf. Art. 157(1) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 20(1) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 266(1)(b) CAAA (fn 14); Art. 46 TRIPS Agreement; similarly Art. 10(1) Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 10(1) ACTA (fn 6).

  78. 78.

    Cf. Art. 157(2) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 20(2) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 266(4) CAAA (fn 14); Art. 241(2) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.47(2) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 10(2) Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 10(3) ACTA (fn 6).

  79. 79.

    Cf. fn 70 and the related main text.

  80. 80.

    Art. 158 CEPA (fn 10); similarly IP Art. 21 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 250 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.48(2) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 11 Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Art. 8(1) ACTA (fn 6).

  81. 81.

    See fn 66.

  82. 82.

    Cf. ECJ, Judgment of 29 January 2008, Case C-275/06, Promusicae [2008] n.y.r., paras 61 et seq.; similarly the question in pending Case C-557/07, LSG, OJ 2008, C 64, 20.

  83. 83.

    Cf. Art. 44(1) TRIPS Agreement.

  84. 84.

    Cf. Art. 158 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 21 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 266 CAAA (fn 14); Art. 242 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.48 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 11 Enforcement Directive (fn 3); Arts 8 and 10 ACTA (fn 6).

  85. 85.

    Cf. Art. 266(3) CAAA (fn 14).

  86. 86.

    Cf. Art. 159 CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 22 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 243 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.49 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 12 Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  87. 87.

    Cf. Art. 8 and 10 ACTA (fn 6).

  88. 88.

    Cf. Art. 159 CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 22 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 243 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.49 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 12 Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  89. 89.

    Cf. Art. 159 CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 22 SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 243 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.49 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 12 Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  90. 90.

    Cf. Art. 266(2) CAAA (fn 14).

  91. 91.

    Cf. Art. 8(2) ACTA (fn 6).

  92. 92.

    Cf. Art. 31 and 37 TRIPS Agreement.

  93. 93.

    Art. 45(1) TRIPS Agreement.

  94. 94.

    Art. 45(2) TRIPS Agreement.

  95. 95.

    Cf. Art. 267 CAAA (fn 14).

  96. 96.

    Cf. Art. 160(1) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 23(1) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 244 EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.50 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  97. 97.

    Art. 160(1)(a) CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 23(1)(a) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 244(1)(a) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.50(1)(a) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 13(1)(a) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  98. 98.

    Cf. Art. 9 ACTA (fn 6).

  99. 99.

    Cf. Art. 160(1)(b) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 23(1)(b) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 244(1)(b) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.50(1)(b) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 13(1)(b) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  100. 100.

    Cf. Art. 9(3) ACTA (fn 6).

  101. 101.

    Cf. Art. 45(2) TRIPS Agreement.

  102. 102.

    Cf. Art. 160(2) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 23(2) SAEPA (fn 12); Art. 244(2) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.50(2) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); similarly Art. 13(2) Enforcement Directive (fn 3).

  103. 103.

    Cf. Art. 51 TRIPS Agreement.

  104. 104.

    Cf. Art. 2(1) BMR (fn 4).

  105. 105.

    Cf. Arts 5(h) and 13 ACTA (fn 6).

  106. 106.

    Not, by contrast, by that FTA’s section on criminal enforcement (only trademark and copyright infringements on a commercial scale); cf. Art. 10.54 EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  107. 107.

    Cf. Footnote 27 to Art. 10.67(1) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16).

  108. 108.

    Cf. Footnote 1 to Art. 163(1) CEPA (fn 10); Footnote 14 to IP Art. 26(1) SAEPA (fn 12); Footnote 81 to Art. 249(1) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15).

  109. 109.

    Cf. Footnote 1 to Art. 163(1) CEPA (fn 10).

  110. 110.

    Cf. Art. 273 CAAA (fn 14); Art. 249(1) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15).

  111. 111.

    Cf. Art. 51 TRIPS Agreement; Art. 273(2) CAAA (fn 14); Art. 16 and 17 ACTA (fn 6).

  112. 112.

    Cf. Art. 163(2) CEPA (fn 10); IP Art. 26(2) SAEPA (fn 12); similarly Art. 249(3) EU-Colombia/Peru FTA (fn 15); Art. 10.67(3) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 2(2) BMR (fn 4).

  113. 113.

    Cf. Art. 51 TRIPS Agreement.

  114. 114.

    Art. 163(1) CEPA (fn 10); identically IP Art. 26(1) SAEPA (fn 12); similarly Art. 10.67(1) EU-South Korea FTA (fn 16); Art. 1(1) BMR (fn 4).

  115. 115.

    Cf. Art. 273(2) CAAA (fn 14).

  116. 116.

    Cf. Arts 52 et seq. TRIPS Agreement.

  117. 117.

    Cf. fn 13.

  118. 118.

    See fn 9; also Information Paper (fn 2).

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  1. Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Marstallplatz 1, 80593, Munich, Germany

    Thomas Jaeger (Senior Research Fellow)

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  1. Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Max Planck Institute for IP and Competition Law, Munich, Germany

    Josef Drexl

  2. Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Max Planck Institute for IP and Competition Law, Munich, Germany

    Henning Grosse Ruse - Khan

  3. Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Max Planck Institute for IP and Competition Law, Munich, Germany

    Souheir Nadde-Phlix

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Jaeger, T. (2014). IP Enforcement Provisions in EU Economic Partnership Agreements. In: Drexl, J., Grosse Ruse - Khan, H., Nadde-Phlix, S. (eds) EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and Intellectual Property: For Better or Worse?. MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39097-5_10

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