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The Phylum Spirochaetaceae

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The Prokaryotes

Abstract

Spirochaetaceae is a family of spirochetes that cause syphilis, Lyme disease, epidemic and endemic relapsing fever, leptospirosis, swine dysentery, and periodontal disease. The spirochetes are presently classified as members of class Spirochaetes in the order Spirochaetales and are divided into three major phylogenetic groupings or families. The first family, Spirochaetaceae, contains species in the genera Borrelia, Brevinema, Cristispira, Spirochaeta, Spironema, and Treponema. The second family, Brachyspiraceae, contains the genus Brachyspira (Serpulina). The third family, Leptospiraceae, contains species of the genera Leptonema and Leptospira. One of the unique features of spirochetes is motility mediated by axial flagella with a rapid drifting rotation. The DNA of the Spirochaeta species contains guanine (G) + cytosine (C) ranging from 51 % to 65 mol %. The presence of several linear plasmids seems to cause the segmentation of Borrelia DNA into several linear pieces. This has led to the suggestion that the relatively small linear chromosome and the linear plasmids actually are minichromosomes. Various molecular and immunological detection methods have been developed for detection and identification of spirochetes.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Molasadra, 1993, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Karami, Meysam Sarshar & Reza Ranjbar

  2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Rahim Sorouri Zanjani

Authors
  1. Ali Karami
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  2. Meysam Sarshar
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  3. Reza Ranjbar
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  4. Rahim Sorouri Zanjani
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Karami .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  4. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  5. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  6. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

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Karami, A., Sarshar, M., Ranjbar, R., Zanjani, R.S. (2014). The Phylum Spirochaetaceae. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38954-2_156

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