Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diagnostic Thoracoscopy: Malignant Pleural Effusion

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Thoracoscopy for Pulmonologists

Abstract

Malignant neoplasms are the second leading cause of death in the USA (Hoyert et al. 2006). Almost all neoplasms can metastasize to the pleura during their history, either as the initial presentation of cancer or during disease progression (Valdes et al. 1996). Every year, up to 150,000 cases of malignant pleural effusion are reported in the USA (Valdes et al. 1996). The optimal work-up for an undiagnosed pleural effusion remains a real problem for physicians (Froudarakis 2008). In developed countries, where the incidence of tuberculosis is low, a patient presenting with an undiagnosed pleural effusion has a significant likelihood of malignancy. Indeed, more than 50 % of the cases of undiagnosed pleural effusion are due to carcinomas; the second most common diagnosis (10 %) is tuberculosis (Valdes et al. 1996).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams RF, Gray W, Davies RJ et al (2001) Percutaneous image-guided cutting needle biopsy of the pleura in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Chest 120:1798–1802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aelony Y, King RR, Boutin C (1998) Thoracoscopic talc poudrage in malignant pleural effusions: effective pleurodesis despite low pleural pH. Chest 113:1007–1012

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal PP, Seely JM, Matzinger FR et al (2006) Pleural mesothelioma: sensitivity and incidence of needle track seeding after image-guided biopsy versus surgical biopsy. Radiology 241:589–594

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alatas F, Alatas O, Metintas M et al (2001) Diagnostic value of CEA, CA 15–3, CA 19–9, CYFRA 21–1, NSE and TSA assay in pleural effusions. Lung Cancer 31:9–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandrakis MG, Coulocheri SA, Bouros D et al (2000) Evaluation of inflammatory cytokines in malignant and benign pleural effusions. Oncol Rep 7:1327–1332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alifano M, Guggino G, Gentile M et al (1997) Management of concurrent pleural effusion in patients with lymphoma: thoracoscopy a useful tool in diagnosis and treatment. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 52:330–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antony VB, Loddenkemper R, Astoul P et al (2001) Management of malignant pleural effusions. Eur Respir J 18:402–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antunes G, Neville E (2000) Management of malignant pleural effusions. Thorax 55:981–983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong P, Reznek RH, Phillips RR (1995) Diagnostic imaging of lung cancer. Eur Respir Mon 1:137–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Astoul P (1999) Pleural mesothelioma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 5:259–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astoul P (2005) Diagnostic clinique et endoscopique du mésothéliome pleural. In: Astoul P (ed) Mésothéliome pleural. Elsevier, Paris, pp 77–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Au VW, Thomas M (2003) Radiological manifestations of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Australas Radiol 47:111–116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger HW, Maher G (1971) Decreased glucose concentration in malignant pleural effusions. Am Rev Respir Dis 103:427–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Cargnino P, Viallat JR (1980) Thoracoscopy in the early diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions. Endoscopy 12:155–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Astoul P (1998) Diagnostic thoracoscopy. Clin Chest Med 19:295–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Rey F (1993) Thoracoscopy in pleural malignant mesothelioma: a prospective study of 188 consecutive patients. Part 1: diagnosis. Cancer 72:389–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Viallat JR, Cargnino P et al (1981) Thoracoscopy in malignant pleural effusions. Am Rev Respir Dis 124:588–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Loddenkemper R, Astoul P (1993a) Diagnostic and therapeutic thoracoscopy: techniques and indications in pulmonary medicine. Tuber Lung Dis 74:225–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Rey F, Gouvernet J et al (1993b) Thoracoscopy in pleural malignant mesothelioma: a prospective study of 188 consecutive patients. Part 2: prognosis and staging. Cancer 72:394–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Rey F, Viallat JR (1995) Prevention of malignant seeding after invasive diagnostic procedures in patients with pleural mesothelioma. A randomized trial of local radiotherapy. Chest 108:754–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin C, Dumortier P, Rey F et al (1996) Black spots concentrate oncogenic asbestos fibers in the parietal pleura. Thoracoscopic and mineralogic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:444–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantó A, Blasco E, Casillas M et al (1977) Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Thorax 32:550–554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canto A, Rivas J, Saumench J et al (1983) Points to consider when choosing a biopsy method in cases of pleurisy of unknown origin. Chest 84:176–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canto A, Ferrer G, Romagosa V et al (1985) Lung cancer and pleural effusion. Clinical significance and study of pleural metastatic locations. Chest 87:649–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr DT, Mountain CF (1974) The staging of lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1:229–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cascinu S, Del Ferro E, Barbanti I et al (1997) Tumor markers in the diagnosis of malignant serous effusions. Am J Clin Oncol 20:247–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celikoglu F, Teirstein AS, Krellenstein DJ et al (1992) Pleural effusion in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Chest 101:1357–1360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavalittamrong B, Angsusingha K, Tuchinda M et al (1979) Diagnostic significance of pH, lactic acid dehydrogenase, lactate and glucose in pleural fluid. Respiration 38:112–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chernow B, Sahn SA (1977) Carcinomatous involvement of the pleura: an analysis of 96 patients. Am J Med 63:695–702

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrysanthidis MG, Janssen JP (2005) Autofluorescence videothoracoscopy in exudative pleural effusions: preliminary results. Eur Respir J 26:989–992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MH (1974) Signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma. Semin Oncol 1:183–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colt HG (1995) Thoracoscopic management of malignant pleural effusions. Clin Chest Med 16:505–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colt HG (1999) Thoracoscopy: window to the pleural space. Chest 116:1409–1415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Camp PT, Moseley PW, Scott ML et al (1973) Diagnostic thoracoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 16:79–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domagala W, Emeson E, Kass LG (1978) Distribution of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and effusions in patients with cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 61:295–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duysinx B, Nguyen D, Louis R et al (2004) Evaluation of pleural disease with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Chest 125:489–493

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Rossi SE (2000) FDG PET of pleural effusions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:245–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst A, Hersh CP, Herth F et al (2002) A novel instrument for the evaluation of the pleural space: an experience in 34 patients. Chest 122:1530–1534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falcone F, Marinelli M, Minguzzi L et al (1996) Tumor markers and lung cancer: guidelines in a cost-limited medical organization. Int J Biol Markers 11:61–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer J, Roldán J, Teixidor J et al (2005) Predictors of pleural malignancy in patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracoscopy. Chest 127:1017–1022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher SV, Clark RJ (2007) The Portsmouth thoracoscopy experience, an evaluation of service by retrospective case note analysis. Respir Med 101:1021–1025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froudarakis ME (2008) Diagnostic work-up of pleural effusions. Respiration 75:4–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froudarakis ME (2009) Diagnosis and management of pleural effusion in lung cancer. In: Bouros D (ed) Pleural diseases. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazer HS, Duncan-Meyer J, Aronberg DJ et al (1985) Pleural and chest wall invasion in bronchogenic carcinoma: CT evaluation. Radiology 157:191–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer HS, Kaiser LR, Anderson DJ et al (1989) Indeterminate mediastinal invasion in bronchogenic carcinoma: CT evaluation. Radiology 173:37–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstraw P, Crowley J, Chansky K et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM Classification of malignant tumours. J Thorac Oncol 2:706–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Good JT Jr, Taryle DA, Sahn SA (1985) The pathogenesis of low glucose, low pH malignant effusions. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:737–741

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greillier L, Cavailles A, Fraticelli A et al (2007a) Accuracy of pleural biopsy using thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of histologic subtype in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer 110:2248–2252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greillier L, Scherpereel A, Astoul P (2007b) Pleural mesothelioma: impact of the staging for the therapeutic strategy. Rev Mal Respir 24:6S146–6S156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groome PA, Bolejack V, Crowley J et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: validation of the proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM Classification of malignant tumours. J Thorac Oncol 2:694–705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen M, Faurschou P, Clementsen P (1998) Medical thoracoscopy, results and complications in 146 patients: a retrospective study. Respir Med 92:228–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris RJ, Kavuru MS, Rice TW et al (1995) The diagnostic and therapeutic utility of thoracoscopy: a review. Chest 108:828–841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heffner JE (1998) Evaluating diagnostic tests in the pleural space. Clin Chest Med 19:277–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henschke CI, Davis SD, Romano PM et al (1989) Pleural effusions: pathogenesis, radiologic evaluation and therapy. J Thorac Imaging 4:49–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herth F (2004) Diagnosis and staging of mesothelioma transthoracic ultrasound. Lung Cancer 45(Suppl 1):S63–S67

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyert DL, Heron MP, Murphy SL et al (2006) Deaths: final data for 2003. Natl Vital Stat Rep 54:1–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hucker J, Bhatnagar NK, al-Jilaihawi AN (1991) Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and management of recurrent pleural effusions. Ann Thorac Surg 52:1145–1147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurewitz AN, Zucker S, Mancuso P et al (1992) Human pleural effusions are rich in matrix metalloproteinases. Chest 102:1808–1814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde L, Hyde CI (1974) Clinical manifestations of lung cancer. Chest 65:299–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen JP, Ramlal S, Mravunac M (2004) The long term follow-up of exudative pleural effusion after non-diagnostic thoracoscopy. J Bronchol 11:169–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez D, Perez-Rodriguez E, Diaz G et al (2002) Determining the optimal number of specimens to obtain with needle biopsy of the pleura. Respir Med 96:14–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston WW (1985) The malignant pleural effusion: a review of cytopathologic diagnosis of 584 specimens from 472 consecutive patients. Cancer 56:905–909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kabnick EM, Sobo S, Steinbaum S et al (1982) Spontaneous pneumothorax from bronchogenic carcinoma. J Natl Med Assoc 74:478–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpathiou G, Argiana E, Koutsopoulos A et al (2007) Response of a patient with pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma after second-line chemotherapy with lipoplatin and gemcitabine. Oncology 73:426–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall SW, Bryan AJ, Large SR et al (1992) Pleural effusions: is thoracoscopy a reliable investigation? A retrospective review. Respir Med 86:437–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn M, Fitting JW, Leuenberger P (1989) Probability of malignancy in pleural fluid eosinophilia. Chest 96:992–994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwek BH, Aquino SL, Fischman AJ (2004) Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and CT after talc pleurodesis. Chest 125:2356–2360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Roux BT (1968) Bronchial carcinoma. E&S Livingstone, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee P, Colt HG (2005a) Flex-rigid pleuroscopy step-by-step. CMPMedica, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee P, Colt HG (2005b) Rigid and semirigid pleuroscopy: the future is bright. Respirology 10:418–425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee P, Colt HG (2007) State of the Art: pleuroscopy. J Thorac Oncol 2:663–670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee P, Hsu A, Lo C et al (2007) Prospective evaluation of flex-rigid pleuroscopy for indeterminate pleural effusion: accuracy, safety and outcome. Respirology 12:881–886

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leff A, Hopewell PC, Costello J (1978) Pleural effusion from malignancy. Ann Intern Med 88:532–537

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung AN, Müller NL, Miller RR (1990) CT in differential diagnosis of diffuse pleura disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154:487–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light RW (1995) Approach to the patient. In: Light RW (ed) Pleural disease, 3rd edn. Williams & Wilkinson, Baltimore, pp 75–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Light RW (2006) The undiagnosed pleural effusion. Clin Chest Med 27:309–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC et al (1972) Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med 77:507–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light RW, Erozan YS, Ball WC (1973a) Cells in pleural fluid. Their value in differential diagnosis. Arch Intern Med 132:854–860

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light RW, MacGregor MI, Ball WC Jr et al (1973b) Diagnostic significance of pleural fluid pH and PCO2. Chest 64:591–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipscomb DJ, Flower CD, Hadfield JW (1981) Ultrasound of the pleural: an assessment of its clinical value. Clin Radiol 32:289–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston RB, McCracken JD, Trauth CJ et al (1982) Isolated pleural effusion in small cell lung carcinoma: favorable prognosis. A review of the Southwest Oncology Group experience. Chest 81:208–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loddenkemper R (1998) Thoracoscopy: state of the art. Eur Respir J 11:213–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loddenkemper R, Mai J, Scheffler N et al (1978) Prospective individual comparison of blind needle biopsy and of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl 102:196–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macha HN, Reichle G, von Zwehl D et al (1993) The role of ultrasound assisted thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural disease. Clinical experience in 687 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 7:19–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marel M, Stastny B, Melinova L et al (1995) Diagnosis of pleural effusions. Experience with clinical studies, 1986 to 1990. Chest 107:1598–1603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martensson G (1989) Prediction of the diagnostic utility of thoracoscopy in pleural effusion. Pneumologie 43:72–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maskell NA, Butland RJA (2003) BTS guidelines for the investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults. Thorax 58(Suppl II):ii8–ii17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur PN, Loddenkemper R (1995) Medical thoracoscopy. Role in pleural and lung diseases. Clin Chest Med 16:487–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur PN, Astoul P, Boutin C (1995) Medical thoracoscopy: technical details. Clin Chest Med 16:479–486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLoud TC (1998) CT and MRI in pleural space. Clin Chest Med 19:261–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menard O, Dousset B, Jacob C et al (1993) Improvement of the diagnosis of the cause of pleural effusion in patients with lung cancer by simultaneous quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) pleural levels. Eur J Cancer 13:1806–1809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metintas M, Ozdemir N, Isiksoy S et al (1995) CT-guided pleural needle biopsy in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:370–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer PC (1966) Metastatic carcinoma of the pleura. Thorax 21:437–443

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mountain CF (1997) Revisions for the international system for staging lung cancer. Chest 111:1710–1717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mountain CF, Carr DT, Anderson WA (1974) A system for the clinical staging of lung cancer. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 120:130–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohri SK, Oswal SK, Townsend ER (1992) Early and late outcome after diagnostic thoracoscopy and talc pleurodesis. Ann Thorac Surg 53:1038–1041

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Moore PV, Mueller PR, Simeone JF et al (2004) Sonographic guidance in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the pleural space. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page RD, Jeffrey RR, Donnelly RJ (1989) Thoracoscopy: a review of 121 consecutive surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 48:66–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlberg JL, Sandler MA, Beute GH (1987) Limitations of CT in evaluation of neoplasms involving chest wall. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:290–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perng RP, Chen CY, Chang GC et al (2007) Revisit of 1997 TNM staging system–survival analysis of 1112 lung cancer patients in Taiwan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 37:9–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poe RH, Levy PC, Israel RH et al (1994) Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma. A study in patients with idiopathic pleural effusions. Chest 105:1663–1667

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postmus PE, Brambilla E, Chansky K et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for revision of the M descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2:686–693

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash UB, Reiman HM (1985) Comparison of needle biopsy with cytologic analysis for the evaluation of pleural effusion: analysis of 414 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 60:158–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman NM, Gleeson FV (2008) Image-guided pleural biopsy. Curr Opin Pulm Med 14:331–336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rami-Porta R, Ball D, Crowley J et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the T descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2:593–602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rato GB, Piacenza G, Frola C et al (1991) Chest wall involvement by lung cancer: computed tomography detection and results of operation. Ann Thorac Surg 51:182–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BW, Lake RA (2005) Advances in malignant mesothelioma. N Engl J Med 353:1591–1603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BWS, Musk AW, Lake RA (2005) Malignant mesothelioma. Lancet 366:397–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez Panadero F (1995) Lung cancer and ipsilateral pleural effusion. Ann Oncol 6:S25–S27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Panadero F, Antony VB (1997) Pleurodesis: state of the art. Eur Respir J 10:1648–1654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Panadero F, Lopez Mejias J (1989) Low glucose and pH levels in malignant pleural effusions. Diagnostic significance and prognostic value in respect to pleurodesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:663–667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Panadero F, Borderas Naranjo F, Lopez Mejias J et al (1989) Pleural metastatic tumours and effusions. Frequency and pathogenic mechanisms in a post-mortem series. Eur Respir J 2:366–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Panadero F, Janssen JP, Astoul P (2006) Thoracoscopy: general overview and place in the diagnosis and management of pleural effusion. Eur Respir J 28:409–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roeslin N, Kessler R (1992) Quelle est la place de la thoracoscopie dans le bilan d’extension pré-opératoire du cancer bronchique non à petites cellules? Rev Mal Respir 9:R247–R251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romney BM, Austin JH (1990) Plain film evaluation of carcinoma of the lung. Seminars in roentgenology 5:45–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubins JB, Rubins HB (1996) Etiology and prognostic significance of eosinophilic pleural effusions. A prospective study. Chest 110:1271–1274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan CJ, Rodgers RF, Unni KK et al (1981) The outcome of patients with pleural effusion of indeterminate cause at thoracotomy. Mayo Clin Proc 56:145–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahn SA (1982) Pleural effusion in lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 3:443–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahn SA (1998) Malignancy metastatic to the pleura. Clin Chest Med 19:351–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuraba M, Masuda K, Hebisawa A et al (2006) Diagnostic value of thoracoscopic pleural biopsy for pleurisy under local anaesthesia. ANZ J Surg 76:722–724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salyer WA, Eggleston JC, Erozan YS (1975) Efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving the pleura. Chest 67:536–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Armengol A, Rodriguez-Panadero F (1993) Survival and talc pleurodesis in metastatic pleural carcinoma, revisited. Report of 125 cases. Chest 104:1482–1485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scagliotti GV (1995) Symptoms and signs and staging of lung cancer. Eur Respir Mon 1:91–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffler GJ, Wolf G, Schoellnast H et al (2004) Non-small cell lung cancer: evaluation of pleural abnormalities on CT scans with 18F FDG PET. Radiology 231:858–865

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scherpereel A (2007) Guidelines of the French Speaking Society for Chest Medicine for management of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Respir Med 101:1265–1276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz C, Lubbert H, Rahn W et al (2004) Medical thoracoscopy: hormone receptor content in pleural metastases due to breast cancer. Eur Respir J 24:728–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd FA, Ginsberg RJ, Haddad R et al (1993) Importance of clinical staging in limited small-cell lung cancer: a valuable system to separate prognostic subgroups. The University of Toronto Lung Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 11:1592–1597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd FA, Crowley J, Van Houtte P et al (2007) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals regarding the clinical staging of small cell lung cancer in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM Classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2:1067–1077

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson G (2007) Medical thoracoscopy in an Australian regional hospital. Intern Med J 37:267–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhausling CA, Cuttat JF (1985) Spontaneous pneumothorax a complication of lung cancer? Chest 88:709–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steiropoulos P, Kouliatsis G, Karpathiou G et al (2009) Rare cases of primary pleural Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Respiration 77:459–463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoetzer OJ, Munker R, Darsow M et al (1999) P53-immunoreactive cells in benign and malignant effusions: diagnostic value using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and comparison with CEA- staining. Oncol Rep 6:455–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storey DD, Dines DE, Coles DT (1976) Pleural effusion: a diagnostic dilemma. JAMA 236:2183–2186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tassi GF, Marchetti GP, Fattibene F et al (1997) Thoracoscopy in pleural malignant mesothelioma diagnosis. Diagn Ther Endosc 3:147–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Templeton PA, Caskey CI, Zerhouni EA (1990) Current uses of CT and MR imaging in the staging of lung cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 28:631–646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdes L, Alvarez D, Valle JM et al (1996) The etiology of pleural effusions in an area with high incidence of tuberculosis. Chest 109:158–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gelder T, Hoogsteden HC, Vandenbroucke JP (1991) The influence of the diagnostic technique on the histopathological diagnosis in malignant mesothelioma. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 418:315–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Meerbeeck JP, Gaafar R, Manegold C et al (2005) Randomized phase III study of cisplatin with or without raltitrexed in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: an intergroup study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Clin Oncol 23:6881–6889

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venekamp LN, Velkeniers B, Noppen M (2005) Does ‘Idiopathic Pleuritis’ exist? Natural history of non-specific pleuritis diagnosed after thoracoscopy. Respiration 72:74–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vergnon JM, Froudarakis M (1999) Bronchoscopy. In: Grassi C (ed) Pulmonary diseases. McGraw-Hill International, London, pp 39–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogelzang NJ, Rusthoven JJ, Symanowski J et al (2003) Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol 21:2636–2644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walshe AD, Douglas JG, Kerr KM et al (1992) An audit of the clinical investigation of pleural effusion. Thorax 47:734–737

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZJ, Reddy GP, Gotway MB et al (2004) Malignant pleural mesothelioma: evaluation with CT, MR imaging, and PET. Radiographics 24:105–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb WR (1989) The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of patients with lung cancer. A comparison with computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 4:65–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissberg D, Kaufmann M (1980) Diagnostic and therapeutic pleuroscopy. Experience with 127 patients. Chest 78:732–735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White CS, Templeton PA, Belani CP (1993) Imaging in lung cancer. Semin Oncol 20:142–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodring JH (1990) Unusual radiographic manifestations of lung cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 28:599–618

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu MH, Hsiue RH, Tseng KH (1989) Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusions. Jpn J Clin Oncol 19:116–119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang PC, Luh KT, Chang DB et al (1992) Value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion: analysis of 320 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:29–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece

    Marios Froudarakis

Authors
  1. Marios Froudarakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marios Froudarakis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pleural Diseases Interventional Pulmonology, Hôpital Nord Division of Thoracic Oncology, Marseille cedex 20, France

    Philippe Astoul

  2. Divisione di Pneumologia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia (BS), Italy

    GianFranco Tassi

  3. Département de Médecine Interne, Centre valaisan de pneumologie, CHCVs, Montana, Switzerland

    Jean-Marie Tschopp

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Froudarakis, M. (2014). Diagnostic Thoracoscopy: Malignant Pleural Effusion. In: Astoul, P., Tassi, G., Tschopp, JM. (eds) Thoracoscopy for Pulmonologists. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38351-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38351-9_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38350-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-38351-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation