Skip to main content

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology

Abstract

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an invasive epithelial malignancy that arises from the prickle–squamous cell layers of the epidermis and shows keratinocytic differentiation. It is capable of metastasis to regional lymph nodes and is potentially lethal. SCC was first distinguished from basal cell carcinoma by Kompecher in 1902 [1]. The terms “squamous cell epithelioma,” “epidermoid carcinoma,” “epithelioma spinocellular,” “prickle cell epithelioma,” and “spinalioma” have all been used in the literature, but “squamous cell carcinoma” is the preferred terminology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Reifler DM, Hornblass A. Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Surv Ophthalmol. 1986;30(6):349–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Malhotra R, Huilgol SC, Huynh NT, Selva D. The Australian Mohs database: periocular squamous cell carcinoma. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(4):617–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cook Jr BE, Bartley GB. Epidemiologic characteristics and clinical course of patients with malignant eyelid tumors in an incidence cohort in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(4):746–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Scotto J, Kopf AW, Urbach F. Non-melanoma skin cancer among Caucasians in four areas of the United States. Cancer. 1974;34(4):1333–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Green A. Changing patterns in incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer. Epithelial Cell Biol. 1992;1(1):47–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lim VS, Amrith S. Declining incidence of eyelid cancers in Singapore over 13 years: population-based data from 1996 to 2008. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(12):1462–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kwitko ML, Boniuk M, Zimmerman LE. Eyelid tumors with reference to lesions confused with squamous cell carcinoma. I. Incidence and errors in diagnosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1963;69:693–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Aurora AL, Blodi FC. Lesions of the eyelids: a clinico- pathological study. Surv Ophthalmol. 1970;5:94–104.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Maclean H, Dhillon B, Ironside J. Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121(2):219–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Donaldson MJ, Sullivan TJ, Whitehead KJ, Williamson RM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(10):1161–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cook Jr BE, Bartley GB. Treatment options and future prospects for the management of eyelid malignancies: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(11):2088–98; quiz 99–100, 121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Malhotra R, James CL, Selva D, et al. The Australian Mohs database: periocular squamous intraepidermal carcinoma. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(10):1925–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Faustina M, Diba R, Ahmadi MA, Esmaeli B. Patterns of regional and distant metastasis in patients with eyelid and periocular squamous cell carcinoma. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(10):1930–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. McNab AA, Francis IC, Benger R, Crompton JL. Perineural spread of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma via the orbit. Clinical features and outcome in 21 cases. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(9):1457–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bowyer JD, Sullivan TJ, Whitehead KJ, et al. The management of perineural spread of squamous cell carcinoma to the ocular adnexae. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;19(4):275–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Petsuksiri J, Frank SJ, Garden AS, et al. Outcomes after radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Cancer. 2008;112(1):111–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Luxenberg MN, Guthrie Jr TH. Chemotherapy of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and periorbital tissues. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(4):504–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Couch SM, Custer PL. Topical 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of periocular actinic keratosis and low-grade squamous malignancy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;28(3):181–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ross AH, Kennedy CT, Collins C, Harrad RA. The use of imiquimod in the treatment of periocular tumours. Orbit. 2010;29(2):83–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Marmur ES, Schmults CD, Goldberg DJ. A review of laser and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(2 Pt 2):264–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rossi R, Puccioni M, Mavilia L, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid treated with photodynamic therapy. J Chemother. 2004;16(3):306–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Soysal HG, Markoc F. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and periorbital region. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(3):325–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day Jr CL. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip. Implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(6):976–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Committee on Guidelines of Care. Task Force on Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Guidelines of care for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28(4):628–31.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Carcinoma of the eyelid. In: Edge SE, Byrd DR, Carducci MA, Compton CA, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Crawford C, Fernelius C, Young P, et al. Application of the AJCC 7th edition carcinoma of the eyelid staging system: a medical center pathology based, 15-year review. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:1645–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Howard GR, Nerad JA, Carter KD, Whitaker DC. Clinical characteristics associated with orbital invasion of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell tumors of the eyelid. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113(2):123–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Goepfert H, Dichtel WJ, Medina JE, et al. Perineural invasion in squamous cell skin carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Surg. 1984;148(4):542–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cottel WI. Perineural invasion by squamous-cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1982;8(7):589–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Petter G, Haustein UF. Histologic subtyping and malignancy assessment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26(6):521–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Loeffler M, Hornblass A. Characteristics and behavior of eyelid carcinoma (basal cell, squamous cell sebaceous gland, and malignant melanoma). Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21(7):513–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cribier B, Asch P, Grosshans E. Differentiating squamous cell carcinoma from keratoacanthoma using histopathological criteria. Is it possible? A study of 296 cases. Dermatology. 1999;199(3):208–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Schwartz RA. Keratoacanthoma: a clinico-pathologic enigma. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(2 Pt 2):326–33. discussion 33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hutchinson J. Morbid growths and tumours. The ‘crateriform ulcer of the face’, a form of acute epithelial cancer. Trans Pathol Soc Lond. 1889;40:275–81.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Donaldson MJ, Sullivan TJ, Whitehead KJ, Williamson RM. Periocular keratoacanthoma: clinical features, pathology, and management. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(7):1403–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Grossniklaus HE, Wojno TH, Yanoff M, Font RL. Invasive keratoacanthoma of the eyelid and ocular adnexa. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(6):937–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Leibovitch I, Huilgol SC, James CL, et al. Periocular keratoacanthoma: can we always rely on the clinical diagnosis? Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(9):1201–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mordechai Rosner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rosner, M., Fabian, I.D. (2014). Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In: Pe'er, J., Singh, A. (eds) Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38336-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38336-6_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38335-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-38336-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics