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Principles of Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

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PanVascular Medicine

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Abstract

This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section focuses on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), while the second discusses secondary prevention of CVD. Common to both parts is the risk assessment of individuals for the development of CVD and its associated outcomes. Each section discusses the relative contribution that specific risk factors play in primary and secondary prevention as well as pharmacologic and therapeutic lifestyle changes that can be made to alter an individuals’ CVD risk profile.

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Abbreviations

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk Score:

A score derived from a pooled cohort equation to estimate the 10-year primary risk of ASCVD among individuals without preexisting cardiovascular disease who are between 40 and 79 years of age.

Cardiac Rehabilitation:

The provision of comprehensive long-term services involving medical evaluation, prescriptive exercise, cardiac risk factor modification, and education, counseling, and behavioral interventions (Wenger et al. 1995).

Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Score:

A weighted score determined from the density of calcium located in the coronary tree. The CAC score has been demonstrated to be associated with risk of future cardiovascular events.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

A disease process that is characterized by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart.

Framingham Risk Score (FRS):

An algorithm used to determine an individual’s 10-year risk of developing coronary heart disease. FRS is used in those age 20 years or older without known cardiovascular disease.

Myocardial Infarction (MI):

Myocardial cell death that results from improper or complete lack of blood flow to a portion of the heart.

Net Reclassification Index (NRI):

A statistical method that evaluates the improvement in prediction performance when a marker is added to a set of baseline predictors.

Obesity:

A condition that results from the accumulation of excess body fat. It is defined by a body mass index of greater than 30 kg/m2.

Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (SIHD):

A condition that is characterized by chest pain or other symptoms attributable to myocardial ischemia that occur at predictable levels of exertion and can be controlled by rest.

Telemetry:

Wireless transmission of data (i.e., electrocardiogram) to receiving equipment for monitoring.

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Further Reading

  • Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H (2006) Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J 27(23):2763–2774

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    Danny J. Eapen M.D., Nima Ghasemzadeh M.D., Naveen Bellam M.D., M.P.H., Neal Bhatia M.D., Kiran Valiani M.D., Jia Shen M.D., M.P.H., Richard J. VanDam M.D.,  Peter Flueckiger M.D., Daniel L. Molloy M.D., Jenna Kay M.D., Ahsan Achtchi D.O., Bryan J. Wells M.D., Jefferson T. Baer M.D., Nanette K. Wenger & Prof. Laurence Sperling

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Eapen, D.J. et al. (2014). Principles of Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. In: Lanzer, P. (eds) PanVascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_53-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_53-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37393-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

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