Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Natürliche Immunität und ihre Bedeutung für das Mikrobiom

  • Chapter
Allergologie

  • 6616 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Das natürliche Immunsystem stellt eine erste und rasch einsetzende Immunantwort gegenüber Mikroorganismen bereit. Wie sie funktioniert, wurde in den letzten Jahren immer exakter entschlüsselt, und eine zentrale Rolle für dieses System spielen Pathogenerkennungsrezeptoren (PRR). Dabei kann die natürliche Immunität die Ausbildung der adaptiven Immunität auslösen und entscheidend prägen, somit auch die eine Allergie vermittelnden Immunantworten. Das Zusammenwirken von Zellen des natürlichen und des adaptiven Immunsystems sowie der Einfluss aktivierter PRR erlauben die Ausbildung verschiedener Immunqualitäten. Diese Immunqualitäten drücken sich in den unterschiedlichen T-Helfersubtypen aus und können Entzündungen verstärken (Th1, Th17) oder modulieren und sogar immunologische Toleranz (Treg) bewirken. Im Kontext einer Allergie können ebenfalls allergiefördernde oder tolerogene sowie antiinflammatorisch Immunqualitäten wirksam werden. Die gezielte Beeinflussung der adaptiven Immunantwort durch die natürliche Immunität und deren Aktivatoren eröffnet auch Therapieoptionen bei Allergien. Besonders die Daten aus der Analyse des humanen Mikrobioms und die sich daran anschließenden funktionellen Untersuchungen mit der Identifikation von potenziell tolerogen wirkenden mikrobiellen Substanzen könnten eine ganz neue Klasse von biologischen Präparaten hervorbringen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Biedermann T, Kneilling M, Mailhammer R, Maier K, Sander CA, Kollias G, Kunkel SL, Hültner L, Röcken M (2000) Mast cells control neutrophil recruitment during T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions through tumor necrosis factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. J Exp Med 192: 1441–1452

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedermann T, Mailhammer R, Mai A, Sander C, Ogilvie A, Brombacher F, Maier K, Levine AD, Röcken M (2001) Reversal of established delayed type hypersensitivity reactions following therapy with IL-4 or antigen-specific Th2 cells. Eur J Immunol 31: 1582–1591

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedermann T, Röcken M, Carballido JM (2004) Th1 and TH2 lymphocyte development and regulation of TH cell-mediated immune responses of the skin. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 9: 5–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasius AL, Beutler B (2010) Intracellular Toll-like Receptors. Immunity 32: 305–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouskra D, Brezillon C, Berard M, Werts C, Varona R, Boneca IG, Eberl G (2008) Lymphoid tissue genesis induced by commensals through NOD1 regulates intestinal homeostasis. Nature 456: 507–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunt SK, Yang L, Sinha P, Clements VK, Leips J, Ostrand-Rosenberg S (2007) Reduced inflammation in the tumor microenvironment delays the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and limits tumor progression. Cancer Res 67: 10019–10026

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash HL, Whitham CV, Behrendt CL, Hooper LV (2006) Symbiotic bacteria direct expression of an intestinal bactericidal lectin. Science 313: 1126–1130

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavassani KA, Ishii M, Wen H, Schaller MA, Lincoln PM, Lukacs NW, Hogaboam CM, Kunkel SL (2008) TLR3 is an endogenous sensor of tissue necrosis during acute inflammatory events. J Exp Med 205: 2609–2621

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmin F, Ladoire S, Mignot G, Vincent J, Bruchard M, Remy-Martin JP, Boireau W, Rouleau A, Simon B, Lanneau D, De Thonel A, Multhoff G, Hamman A, Martin F, Chauffert B, Solary E, Zitvogel L, Garrido C, Ryffel B, Borg C, Apetoh L, Rebe C, Ghiringhelli F (2010) Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin Invest 120: 457–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Kono H, Golenbock D, Reed G, Akira S, Rock KL (2007) Identification of a key pathway required for the sterile inflammatory response triggered by dying cells. Nat Med 13: 851–856

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen GY, Nunez G. Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage (2010) Nat Rev Immunol 10: 826–837

    Google Scholar 

  • Church LD, Cook GP, McDermott MF (2008) Primer: inflammasomes and interleukin 1β in inflammatory disorders. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 4: 34–42

    Google Scholar 

  • De Jong EC, Smits HH, Kapsenberg ML (2005) Dendritic cell-mediated T cell polarization. Springer Semin Immunopathol 26: 289–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Delano MJ, Scumpia PO, Weinstein JS, Coco D, Nagaraj S, Kelly-Scumpia KM, O’Malley KA, Wynn JL, Antonenko S, Al-Quran SZ, Swan R, Chung CS, Atkinson MA, Ramphal R, Gabrilovich DI, Reeves WH, Ayala A, Phillips J, Laface D, Heyworth PG, Clare-Salzler M, Moldawer LL (2007) MyD88-dependent expansion of an immature GR-1(+)CD11b(+) population induces T cell suppression and Th2 polarization in sepsis. J Exp Med 204: 1463–1474

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Nardo A, Braff MH, Taylor KR, Na C, Granstein RD, McInturff JE, Krutzik S, Modlin RL, Gallo RL (2007) Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides block dendritic cell TLR4 activation and allergic contact sensitization. J Immunol 178: 1829–1834

    Google Scholar 

  • Duan W, Mehta AK, Magalhaes JG, Ziegler SF, Dong C, Philpott DJ, Croft M (2010) Innate signals from Nod2 block respiratory tolerance and program T(H)2-driven allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126: 1284–1293 e10

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenbarth SC, Piggott DA, Huleatt JW, Visintin I, Herrick CA, Bottomly K (2002) Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen. J Exp Med 196: 1645–1651

    Google Scholar 

  • Esser PR, Wölfle U, Dürr C, Von Loewenich FD, Schempp CM, Freudenberg MA, Jakob T, Martin SF (2012) Contact sensitizers induce skin inflammation via ROS production and hyaluronic acid degradation. PLoS One 7: e41340

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S (2009) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 9 :162–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrilovich DI, Velders MP, Sotomayor EM, Kast WM (2001) Mechanism of immune dysfunction in cancer mediated by immature Gr-1+ myeloid cells. J Immunol 166: 5398–5406

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo RL, Hooper LV (2012) Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 503–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Garn H, Neves JF, Blumberg RS, Renz H (2013) Effect of barrier microbes on organ-based inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131: 1465–1478

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghoreschi K, Thomas P, Breit S, Dugas M, Mailhammer R, Van Eden W, Van Der Zee R, Biedermann T, Prinz J, Mack M, Mrowietz U, Christophers E, Schlöndorff D, Plewig G, Sander CA, Röcken M (2003) Interleukin-4 therapy of psoriasis induces Th2 responses and improves human autoimmune disease. Nat Med 9: 40–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Hirahara K, O’shea JJ (2011) T helper 17 cell heterogeneity and pathogenicity in autoimmune disease. Trends Immunol 32: 395–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardin SE, Travassos LH, Herve M, Blanot D, Boneca IG, Philpott DJ, Sansonetti PJ, Mengin-Lecreulx D (2003) Peptidoglycan molecular requirements allowing detection by Nod1 and Nod2. J Biol Chem 278: 41702–41708

    Google Scholar 

  • Gläser R, Harder J, Lange H, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schröder JM (2005) Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection. Nat Immunol 6: 57–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice EA, Segre JA (2011) The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 9: 244–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Halim TY, Krauss RH, Sun AC, Takei F (2012) Lung natural helper cells are a critical source of Th2 cell-type cytokines in protease allergen-induced airway inflammation. Immunity 36: 451–463

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammad H, Chieppa M, Perros F, Willart MA, Germain RN, Lambrecht BN (2009) House dust mite allergen induces asthma via Toll-like receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells. Nat Med 15: 410–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanski I, Von Hertzen L, Fyhrquist N, Koskinen K, Torppa K, Laatikainen T, Karisola P, Auvinen P, Paulin L, Makela MJ, Vartiainen E, Kosunen TU, Alenius H, Haahtela T (2012) Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 8334–8339

    Google Scholar 

  • Harder J, Gläser R, Schröder JM (2007) Human antimicrobial proteins effectors of innate immunity. J Endotoxin Res 13: 317–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto D, Miller J, Merad M (2011) Dendritic cell and macrophage heterogeneity in vivo. Immunity 35: 323–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell MD, Gallo RL, Boguniewicz M, Jones JF, Wong C, Streib JE, Leung DY (2006a) Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis skin subverts the innate immune response to vaccinia virus. Immunity 24: 341–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell MD, Wollenberg A, Gallo RL, Flaig M, Streib JE, Wong C, Pavicic T, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY (2006b) Cathelicidin deficiency predisposes to eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117: 836–841

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang D, Liang J, Fan J, Yu S, Chen S, Luo Y, Prestwich GD, Mascarenhas MM, Garg HG, Quinn DA, Homer RJ, Goldstein DR, Bucala R, Lee PJ, Medzhitov R, Noble PW (2005) Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan. Nat Med 11: 1173–1179

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaesler S, Volz T, Skabytska Y, Köberle M, Hein U, Chen K-M, Guenova E, Wölbing F, Röcken M, Biedermann T (2014) TLR2 ligands promote chronic atopic dermatitis by IL-4-mediated suppression of IL-10. J Allergy Clin Immunol 134: 92–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamada N, Seo SU, Chen GY, Nunez G (2013) Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 13: 321–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Nunez G (2007) Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease. Immunity 27: 549–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawai T, Akira S (2010) The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11: 373–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim BS, Siracusa MC, Saenz SA, Noti M, Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Hepworth MR, Van Voorhees AS, Comeau MR, Artis D (2013) TSLP Elicits IL-33-Independent Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses to Promote Skin Inflammation. Sci Transl Med 5: 170ra16

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai Y, Gallo RL (2009) AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense. Trends Immunol 30: 131–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, Chatterjee B, Wang YH, Homey B, Cao W, Su B, Nestle FO, Zal T, Mellman I, Schröder JM, Liu YJ, Gilliet M (2007) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature 449: 564–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Magalhaes JG, Fritz JH, Le Bourhis L, Sellge G, Travassos LH, Selvanantham T, Girardin SE, Gommerman JL, Philpott DJ (2008) Nod2-dependent Th2 polarization of antigen-specific immunity. J Immunol 181: 7925–7935

    Google Scholar 

  • Magalhaes JG, Rubino SJ, Travassos LH, Le Bourhis L, Duan W, Sellge G, Geddes K, Reardon C, Lechmann M, Carneiro LA, Selvanantham T, Fritz JH, Taylor BC, Artis D, Mak TW, Comeau MR, Croft M, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ (2011) Nucleotide oligomerization domain-containing proteins instruct T cell helper type 2 immunity through stromal activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 14896–14901

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin SF (2012) Contact dermatitis: from pathomechanisms to immunotoxicology. Exp Dermatol 21: 382–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin SF, Dudda JC, Bachtanian E, Lembo A, Liller S, Durr C, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Fejer G, Vassileva R, Jakob T, Freudenberg N, Termeer CC, Johner C, Galanos C, Freudenberg MA (2008) Toll-like receptor and IL-12 signaling control susceptibility to contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 205: 2151–2162

    Google Scholar 

  • Meylan E, Tschopp J, Karin M (2006) Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in the host response. Nature 442: 39–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Naik S, Bouladoux N, Wilhelm C, Molloy MJ, Salcedo R, Kastenmuller W, Deming C, Quinones M, Koo L, Conlan S, Spencer S, Hall JA, Dzutsev A, Kong H, Campbell DJ, Trinchieri G, Segre JA, Belkaid Y (2012) Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals. Science 337: 1115–1119

    Google Scholar 

  • Neill DR, Wong SH, Bellosi A, Flynn RJ, Daly M, Langford TK, Bucks C, Kane CM, Fallon PG, Pannell R, Jolin HE, McKenzie AN (2010) Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature 464: 1367–1370

    Google Scholar 

  • Neven B, Prieur AM, Quartier dit Maire P (2008) Cryopyrinopathies: update on pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 4: 481–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomura I, Goleva E, Howell MD, Hamid QA, Ong PY, Hall CF, Darst MA, Gao B, Boguniewicz M, Travers JB, Leung DY (2003) Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J Immunol 171: 3262–3269

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T, Gallo RL, Leung DY (2002) Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 347: 1151–1160

    Google Scholar 

  • Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Silva M, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Layton B, Beutler B (1998) Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282: 2085–2088

    Google Scholar 

  • Rembacken BJ, Snelling AM, Hawkey PM, Chalmers DM, Axon ATR (1999) Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. The Lancet 354: 635–639

    Google Scholar 

  • Renz H, Brandtzaeg P, Hornef M (2012) The impact of perinatal immune development on mucosal homeostasis and chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 9–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieg S, Steffen H, Seeber S, Humeny A, Kalbacher H, Dietz K, Garbe C, Schittek B (2005) Deficiency of dermcidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in sweat of patients with atopic dermatitis correlates with an impaired innate defense of human skin in vivo. J Immunol 174: 8003–8010

    Google Scholar 

  • Roediger B, Kyle R, Yip KH, Sumaria N, Guy TV, Kim BS, Mitchell AJ, Tay SS, Jain R, Forbes-Blom E, Chen X, Tong PL, Bolton HA, Artis D, Paul WE, De St Groth BF, Grimbaldeston MA, Le Gros G, Weninger W (2013) Cutaneous immunosurveillance and regulation of inflammation by group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol 14: 564–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Schittek B, Hipfel R, Sauer B, Bauer J, Kalbacher H, Stevanovic S, Schirle M, Schroeder K, Blin N, Meier F, Rassner G, Garbe C (2001) Dermcidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands. Nat Immunol 2: 1133–1137

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt M, Raghavan B, Müller V, Vogl T, Fejer G, Tchaptchet S, Keck S, Kalis C, Nielsen PJ, Galanos C, Roth J, Skerra A, Martin SF, Freudenberg MA, Goebeler M (2010) Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel. Nat Immunol 11: 814–819

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroder K, Tschopp J (2010) The inflammasomes. Cell 140: 821–832

    Google Scholar 

  • Skabytska Y, Wölbing F, Günther C, Köberle M, Kaesler S, Chen KM, Guenova E, Demircioglu D, Kempf WE, Volz T, Rammensee HG, Schaller M, Röcken M, Götz F, Biedermann T (2014) Cutaneous Innate Immune Sensing of Toll-like Receptor 2-6 Ligands Suppresses T Cell Immunity by Inducing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Immunity 41: 762–775

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer F, Bäckhed F (2013) The gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 11: 227–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenberg GF, Artis D (2012) Innate lymphoid cell interactions with microbiota: implications for intestinal health and disease. Immunity 37: 601–610

    Google Scholar 

  • Spits H, Artis D, Colonna M, Diefenbach A, Di Santo JP, Eberl G, Koyasu S, Locksley RM, Mckenzie AN, Mebius RE, Powrie F, Vivier E (2013) Innate lymphoid cells - a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Nat Rev Immunol 13: 145–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Tait Wojno ED, Artis D (2012) Innate lymphoid cells: balancing immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair in the intestine. Cell Host Microbe 12: 445–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi O, Akira S (2010) Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140: 805–820

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan AM, Chen HC, Pochard P, Eisenbarth SC, Herrick CA, Bottomly HK (2010) TLR4 signaling in stromal cells is critical for the initiation of allergic Th2 responses to inhaled antigen. J Immunol 184: 3535–3544

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewary P, De La Rosa G, Sharma N, Rodriguez LG, Tarasov SG, Howard OM, Shirota H, Steinhagen F, Klinman DM, Yang D, Oppenheim JJ (2013) beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Promote the Uptake of Self or CpG DNA, Enhance IFN-alpha Production by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells, and Promote Inflammation. J Immunol 191: 865–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Trompette A, Divanovic S, Visintin A, Blanchard C, Hegde RS, Madan R, Thorne PS, Wills-Karp M, Gioannini TL, Weiss JP, Karp CL (2009) Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein. Nature 457: 585–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Volz T, Biedermann T (2009) Outside-in. Probiotische Externa. Hautarzt 60: 795–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Volz T, Nega M, Buschmann J, Kaesler S, Guenova E, Peschel A, Röcken M, Götz F, Biedermann T (2010) Natural Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD2 and act as potent costimulators of the innate immune system exclusively in the presence of TLR signals. FASEB J 24: 4089–4102

    Google Scholar 

  • Volz T, Kaesler S, Biedermann T (2012a) Innate immune sensing 2.0 – from linear activation pathways to fine tuned and regulated innate immune networks. Exp Dermatol 21: 61–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Volz T, Wölbing F, Fischer J, Braun M, Maggoschitz I, Schaller M, Berneburg M, Biedermann T (2012b) Dermal interleukin-1 expression and effective and long-lasting therapy with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra in Schnitzler syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol 92: 393–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Volz T, Skabytska Y, Guenova E, Chen KM, Frick JS, Kirschning CJ, Kaesler S, Röcken M, Biedermann T (2014) Nonpathogenic Bacteria Alleviating Atopic Dermatitis Inflammation Induce IL-10-Producing Dendritic Cells and Regulatory Tr1 Cells. J Invest Dermatol 134: 96–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter S, Weinschenk T, Stenzl A, Zdrojowy R, Pluzanska A, Szczylik C, Staehler M, Brugger W, Dietrich PY, Mendrzyk R, Hilf N, Schoor O, Fritsche J, Mahr A, Maurer D, Vass V, Trautwein C, Lewandrowski P, Flohr C, Pohla H, Stanczak JJ, Bronte V, Mandruzzato S, Biedermann T, Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Yamagishi H, Miki T, Hongo F, Takaha N, Hirakawa K, Tanaka H, Stevanovic S, Frisch J, Mayer-Mokler A, Kirner A, Rammensee HG, Reinhardt C, Singh-Jasuja H (2012) Multipeptide immune response to cancer vaccine IMA901 after single-dose cyclophosphamide associates with longer patient survival. Nat Med 18: 1254–1261

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe H, Gaide O, Petrilli V, Martinon F, Contassot E, Roques S, Kummer JA, Tschopp J, French LE (2007) Activation of the IL-1beta-processing inflammasome is involved in contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 127: 1956–1963

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber FC, Esser PR, Müller T, Ganesan J, Pellegatti P, Simon MM, Zeiser R, Idzko M, Jakob T, Martin SF (2010) Lack of the purinergic receptor P2X(7) results in resistance to contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 207: 2609–2619

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RH, Maruoka S, Whitehead GS, Foley JF, Flake GP, Sever ML, Zeldin DC, Kraft M, Garantziotis S, Nakano H, Cook DN (2012) The Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin promotes asthma by priming allergic responses to indoor allergens. Nat Med 18: 1705–1710

    Google Scholar 

  • Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK (2007) Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 448: 427–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Yazdi AS, Ghoreschi K, Röcken M (2007) Inflammasome activation in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. J Invest Dermatol 127: 1853–1855

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeeuwen PL, Kleerebezem M, Timmerman HM, Schalkwijk J (2013) Microbiome and skin diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 13: 514–520

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Technische Universität München, Biedersteinerstraße 29, 80802, München, Deutschland

    T. Volz Dr. med.

  2. Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technischen Universität München, Biedersteinerstraße 29, 80802, München, Deutschland

    T. Biedermann Prof. Dr. med.

Authors
  1. T. Volz Dr. med.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. Biedermann Prof. Dr. med.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technischen Universität München, München

    Tilo Biedermann

  2. Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe

    Werner Heppt

  3. Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Marburg

    Harald Renz

  4. Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen

    Martin Röcken

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Volz, T., Biedermann, T. (2016). Natürliche Immunität und ihre Bedeutung für das Mikrobiom. In: Biedermann, T., Heppt, W., Renz, H., Röcken, M. (eds) Allergologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37202-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37203-2

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation