Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endovascular Management of Extracranial Carotid Disease

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
PanVascular Medicine

  • 117 Accesses

Abstract

Extracranial carotid disease is the leading cause of ischemic stroke. Several randomized controlled trials performed in the 1990s demonstrated a significant benefit in carotid endarterectomy for risk reduction of ischemic stroke and overall mortality, when compared to medical management alone. Unfortunately, not all patients are candidate for carotid revascularization with carotid endarterectomy. Transluminal carotid angioplasty and stenting has been found to be a “non-inferior” alternative to surgery in selected patients. The technology and methods used for angioplasty and stenting have evolved substantially over the last two decades and can be safely performed in most patients. Although percutaneous revascularization is unlikely to fully supplant its surgical counterpart, carotid angioplasty and stenting has become a reasonable option of carotid disease and assists in further individualizing patient care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 649.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

Antiplatelet drug:

A class of drugs used to decrease the affinity of platelets to aggregate. Multiple target moieties exist, such as the cyclooxygenase, adenosine diphosphate receptors, and glycoprotein IIB/IIIA receptors. Often used in the treatment of ischemic stroke and for periprocedural antiplatelet management during treatment of carotid stenosis.

Carotid angioplasty and stenting:

Endovascular, catheter-based, treatment of carotid stenosis to prevent future ischemic strokes with balloon-angioplasty and delivery of an intraluminal stent.

Carotid endarterectomy:

A surgical procedure used to correct carotid stenosis, to prevent future ischemic strokes by removing the material, most often atherosclerotic disease, within the internal or common carotid arteries.

Carotid stenosis:

Narrowing, often atherosclerosis, within the extracranial internal or common carotid arteries, which is often associated with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack.

Computed tomography angiography:

Noninvasive computed tomography-based evaluation of the intracranial and extracranial blood vessels with iodinated contrast.

Diagnostic cerebral arteriography:

Invasive, catheter-based angiography of the to evaluate intracranial and extracranial cerebrovascular pathology. It is the “gold standard” measure of carotid stenosis.

Doppler ultrasonography:

Using a probe extracutenously, subcutaneous tissues may be evaluated noninvasively with ultrasound. Can be used to evaluate extracranial carotid artery disease, specifically stenosis.

Embolic protection devices:

Endovascular instruments used to prevent distal embolization during angioplasty and/or stenting. When used in carotid angioplasty and stenting, they are often distal, “filter-type” devices or proximal devices used to arrest or reverse flow during the procedure.

Extracranial vascular disease:

Extracranial carotid artery and to a lesser extent extracranial vertebral artery disease predisposing patients to thromboembolic complications including transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke:

A permanent neurological deficit caused by inadequate perfusion of a region of brain, most often caused by a blocked blood vessel.

Magnetic resonance angiography:

Noninvasive magnetic resonance-based evaluation of the intracranial and extracranial blood vessels. Extracranial evaluations are often aided with an intravenous gadolinium infusion.

Randomized controlled trial:

The “gold standard” for clinical trials, whereby patients are randomized to one of two or more treatment arms and confounding variables are controlled for. Often used to test the efficacy or effectiveness of various types of medical treatments within a patient population.

Transient ischemic attack:

Transient neurological dysfunction secondary to focal ischemia without permanent infarction.

ACST-2:

Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial-2

ACT1:

Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis Stenting versus Endarterectomy Trial

AHA:

American Heart Association

ASA:

American Stroke Association

CaRESS:

Carotid Revascularization Using Endarterectomy or Stenting Systems trial

CAS:

Carotid angioplasty and stenting

CAVATAS:

Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study

CCA:

Common carotid artery

CEA:

Carotid endarterectomy

CEBM:

University of Oxford’s Center for Evidence-Based Medicine

CREST:

Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial

CTA:

Computed tomography angiography

ECA:

External carotid artery

ECST:

European Carotid Surgery Trial

ECVD:

Extracranial vascular disease

EPD:

Embolic protection device

EVA-3S:

Endarterectomy versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis

ICA:

Internal carotid artery

IS:

Ischemic stroke

MI:

Myocardial infarction

MRA:

Magnetic resonance angiography

NASCET:

The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial

NIH:

National Institute of Health

RR:

Relative risk

SAPPHIRE:

The Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy trial

SPACE:

Stent-Supported Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid artery versus Endarterectomy

TACIT:

Transatlantic Asymptomatic Carotid Interventional Trial

TIA:

Transient ischemic attack

VA:

Veterans Affairs

References

  • (1986) Role of carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. Stroke J Cereb Circ 17:534–539

    Google Scholar 

  • (1991a) Clinical alert: benefit of carotid endarterectomy for patients with high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Stroke and Trauma Division. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) investigators. Stroke J Cereb Circ 22:816–817

    Google Scholar 

  • (1991b) MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70–99 %) or with mild (0–29 %) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Lancet 337:1235–1243

    Google Scholar 

  • (1991c) Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 325:445–453. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108153250701

    Google Scholar 

  • (1998) Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 351:1379–1387

    Google Scholar 

  • (2001) Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 357:1729–1737

    Google Scholar 

  • (2009) Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults--United States, 2005. Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58:421–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbott AL (2009) Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Stroke J Cereb Circ 40:e573–e583. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott AL (2010) Current medical intervention alone is now the best solution for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Letter to the editors of Journal of Vascular Surgery and the European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery regarding trans-atlantic debate no. 1. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Off J Eur Soc Vasc Surg 40:678–679; author reply 679. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.07.026

    Google Scholar 

  • Abou-Chebl A, Yadav JS, Reginelli JP et al (2004) Intracranial hemorrhage and hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid artery stenting: risk factors, prevention, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1596–1601. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.039

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adami CA, Scuro A, Spinamano L et al (2002) Use of the Parodi anti-embolism system in carotid stenting: Italian trial results. J Endovasc Ther Off J Int Soc Endovasc Spec 9:147–154. doi: 10.1583/1545-1550(2002)009<0147:UOTPAE>2.0.CO;2

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberts MJ (2001) Results of a multicenter prospective randomized trial of carotid artery stenting vs. carotid endarterectomy. The publications committee of WALLSTENT (abstract). Stroke 32:325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mubarak N, Roubin GS, Vitek JJ, Iyer SS (2002) Microembolization during carotid stenting with the distal-balloon antiemboli system. Int Angiol J Int Union Angiol 21:344–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andziak P (2006) Commentary to the articles: SPACE Collaborative Group. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 368:1239–1247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ansel GM, Hopkins LN, Jaff MR et al (2010) Safety and effectiveness of the INVATEC MO.MA proximal cerebral protection device during carotid artery stenting: results from the ARMOUR pivotal trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv Off J Soc Card Angiogr Interv 76:1–8. doi:10.1002/ccd.22439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M et al (1998) Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 339:1415–1425. doi:10.1056/NEJM199811123392002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biasi GM, Froio A, Diethrich EB et al (2004) Carotid plaque echolucency increases the risk of stroke in carotid stenting: the Imaging in Carotid Angioplasty and Risk of Stroke (ICAROS) study. Circulation 110:756–762. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000138103.91187.E3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G et al (2010) Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 363:11–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0912321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S et al (2011) 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 124:489–532. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CARESS Steering Committee (2003) Carotid revascularization using endarterectomy or stenting systems (CARESS): phase I clinical trial. J Endovasc Ther Off J Int Soc Endovasc Spec 10:1021–1030. doi: 10.1583/1545-1550(2003)010<1021:CRUEOS>2.0.CO;2

    Google Scholar 

  • Carotid Stenting Trialists’ Collaboration, Bonati LH, Dobson J et al (2010) Short-term outcome after stenting versus endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: a preplanned meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 376:1062–1073. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61009-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clair DG, Hopkins LN, Mehta M et al (2011) Neuroprotection during carotid artery stenting using the GORE flow reversal system: 30-day outcomes in the EMPiRE Clinical Study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv Off J Soc Card Angiogr Interv 77:420–429. doi:10.1002/ccd.22789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cremonesi A, Manetti R, Setacci F et al (2003) Protected carotid stenting: clinical advantages and complications of embolic protection devices in 442 consecutive patients. Stroke J Cereb Circ 34:1936–1941. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000081000.23561.61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeBakey ME (1975) Successful carotid endarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Nineteen-year follow-up. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 233:1083–1085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBakey ME (1996) Carotid endarterectomy revisited. J Endovasc Surg Off J Int Soc Endovasc Surg 3:4. doi: 10.1583/1074-6218(1996)003<0004:CER>2.0.CO;2

    Google Scholar 

  • Doby T (1992) Cerebral angiography and Egas Moniz. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:364. doi:10.2214/ajr.159.2.1632357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eastcott HH, Pickering GW, Rob CG (1954) Reconstruction of internal carotid artery in a patient with intermittent attacks of hemiplegia. Lancet 267:994–996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ecker RD, Guidot CA, Hanel RA et al (2005) Perforation of external carotid artery branch arteries during endoluminal carotid revascularization procedures: consequences and management. J Invasive Cardiol 17:292–295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faggioli G, Ferri M, Gargiulo M et al (2007) Measurement and impact of proximal and distal tortuosity in carotid stenting procedures. J Vasc Surg 46:1119–1124. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.08.027

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson GG, Eliasziw M, Barr HW et al (1999) The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: surgical results in 1415 patients. Stroke J Cereb Circ 30:1751–1758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay JM, Nykolyn L, Lubkey TB et al (2002) Auditing carotid endarterectomy: a regional experience. Can J Neurol Sci J Can Sci Neurol 29:326–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher M (1951) Occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Ama Arch Neurol Psychiatry 65:346–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ et al (2011) Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke J Cereb Circ 42:227–276. doi:10.1161/STR.0b013e3181f7d043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines PA, Randall MS (2005) Carotid artery stenting for patients with asymptomatic carotid disease (and news on TACIT). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Off J Eur Soc Vasc Surg 30:461–463. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.07.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giménez-Arnau A, Riambau V, Serra-Baldrich E, Camarasa JG (2000) Metal-induced generalized pruriginous dermatitis and endovascular surgery. Contact Dermatitis 43:35–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein LB, McCrory DC, Landsman PB et al (1994) Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for carotid endarterectomy in patients with ipsilateral symptoms. Stroke J Cereb Circ 25:1116–1121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein LB, Samsa GP, Matchar DB, Oddone EZ (1998) Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Stroke J Cereb Circ 29:750–753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ et al (2011) Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke J Cereb Circ 42:517–584. doi:10.1161/STR.0b013e3181fcb238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberger PA, Patterson R, Simon R et al (1981) Pretreatment of high-risk patients requiring radiographic contrast media studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 67:185–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross CP, Steiner CA, Bass EB, Powe NR (2000) Relation between prepublication release of clinical trial results and the practice of carotid endarterectomy. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 284:2886–2893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurbel PA, Antonino MJ, Tantry US (2009) Recent developments in clopidogrel pharmacology and their relation to clinical outcomes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 5:989–1004. doi:10.1517/17425250903107772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurm HS, Yadav JS, Fayad P et al (2008) Long-term results of carotid stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 358:1572–1579. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0708028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halm EA, Chassin MR, Tuhrim S et al (2003) Revisiting the appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy. Stroke J Cereb Circ 34:1464–1471. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000072514.79745.7D

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson RW 2nd, Weiss DG, Fields WS et al (1993) Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 328:221–227. doi:10.1056/NEJM199301283280401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson RW 2nd, Howard VJ, Roubin GS et al (2004) Credentialing of surgeons as interventionalists for carotid artery stenting: experience from the lead-in phase of CREST. J Vasc Surg 40:952–957. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2004.08.039

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes DR Jr (2006) Antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention. Cerebrovasc Dis Basel Switz 21(Suppl 1):25–34. doi:10.1159/000090359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins LN, Roubin GS, Chakhtoura EY et al (2010) The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial: credentialing of interventionalists and final results of lead-in phase. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Off J Natl Stroke Assoc 19:153–162. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Carotid Stenting Study Investigators, Ederle J, Dobson J et al (2010) Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 375:985–997. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60239-5

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger HJ, Mathias KD, Hauth E et al (2002) Cerebral ischemia detected with diffusion-weighted MR imaging after stent implantation in the carotid artery. Ajnr Am J Neuroradiol 23:200–207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kachel R, Basche S, Heerklotz I et al (1991) Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of supra-aortic arteries especially the internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology 33:191–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kastrup A, Gröschel K, Schnaudigel S et al (2008) Target lesion ulceration and arch calcification are associated with increased incidence of carotid stenting-associated ischemic lesions in octogenarians. J Vasc Surg 47:88–95. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.09.045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawarada O, Yokoi Y, Takemoto K, Morioka N (2007) Double-wire technique in balloon-protected carotid artery stenting. J Intervent Cardiol 20:55–62. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8183.2007.00218.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerber CW, Cromwell LD, Loehden OL (1980) Catheter dilatation of proximal carotid stenosis during distal bifurcation endarterectomy. Ajnr Am J Neuroradiol 1:348–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon TH, Kim BM, Nam HS et al (2011) Carotid stenting in acute ischemic stroke patients with intraluminal thrombus. Neuroradiology 53:773–778. doi:10.1007/s00234-010-0788-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lal BK, Beach KW, Roubin GS et al (2012) Restenosis after carotid artery stenting and endarterectomy: a secondary analysis of CREST, a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 11:755–763. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70159-X

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lam RC (2009) Contemporary review of embolic distal protection strategies in carotid artery stenting. J Invasive Cardiol 21:413–414

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liapis CD, Bell PRF, Mikhailidis D et al (2009) ESVS guidelines. Invasive treatment for carotid stenosis: indications, techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Off J Eur Soc Vasc Surg 37:1–19. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.11.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado TS, Loh S, Fonseco R et al (2008) Incidence and outcome of filter occlusion during carotid artery stent procedure. Ann Vasc Surg 22:756–761. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2008.08.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama H, Takeda H, Dembo T et al (2011) Clopidogrel resistance and the effect of combination cilostazol in patients with ischemic stroke or carotid artery stenting using the verify now P2Y12 assay. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn 50:695–698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mas J-L, Trinquart L, Leys D et al (2008) Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis (EVA-3S) trial: results up to 4 years from a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 7:885–892. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70195-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias K (1977) A new catheter system for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of carotid artery stenoses. Fortschr Med 95:1007–1011

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias K, Gissler HM (2002) Carotis artery disease: percutaneous approach. In: Lanzer P, Topol EJ (eds) Panvascular medicine integrated clinical management. Springer, Berlin\Heidelberg\New York, pp 1302–1316

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathias K, Bockenheimer S, von Reutern G et al (1983) Catheter dilatation of arteries supplying the brain. Radiologe 23:208–214

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto H, Fujita K, Miki J et al (2004) Direct carotid approach for carotid angioplasty and stenting with a small incision: a technical case report. No Shinkei Geka 32:735–740

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayberg MR, Wilson SE, Yatsu F et al (1991) Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 309 Trialist Group. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 266:3289–3294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers PM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC et al (2000) Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery 47:335–343, discussion 343–345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Schunk S, Linn J, Peters N et al (2008) Monitoring of clopidogrel-related platelet inhibition: correlation of nonresponse with clinical outcome in supra-aortic stenting. Ajnr Am J Neuroradiol 29:786–791. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0917

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naggara O, Touzé E, Beyssen B et al (2011) Anatomical and technical factors associated with stroke or death during carotid angioplasty and stenting: results from the endarterectomy versus angioplasty in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis (EVA-3S) trial and systematic review. Stroke J Cereb Circ 42:380–388. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.588772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naylor AR, Bolia A, Abbott RJ et al (1998) Randomized study of carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a stopped trial. J Vasc Surg 28:326–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patti G, Tomai F, Melfi R et al (2013) Strategies of clopidogrel load and atorvastatin reload to prevent ischemic cerebral events in patients undergoing protected carotid stenting. Results of the randomized ARMYDA-9 CAROTID (Clopidogrel and Atorvastatin Treatment During Carotid Artery Stenting) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:1379–1387. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelz DM, Buchan A, Fox AJ et al (1986) Intraluminal thrombus of the internal carotid arteries: angiographic demonstration of resolution with anticoagulant therapy alone. Radiology 160:369–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell RJ, Alessi C, Nolan B et al (2006) Comparison of embolization protection device-specific technical difficulties during carotid artery stenting. J Vasc Surg 44:56–61. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.03.035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabe K, Sugita J, Gödel H, Sievert H (2006) Flow-reversal device for cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting–acute and long-term results. J Intervent Cardiol 19:55–62. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8183.2006.00105.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rob C (1978) Occlusive disease of the extracranial cerebral arteries. A review of the past 25 years. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 19:487–498

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP (1996) A systematic review of the risks of stroke and death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke J Cereb Circ 27:260–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP (1997) Clinical and angiographic predictors of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy: systematic review. BMJ 315:1571–1577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rudarakanchana N, Dialynas M, Halliday A (2009) Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial-2 (ACST-2): rationale for a randomised clinical trial comparing carotid endarterectomy with carotid artery stenting in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Off J Eur Soc Vasc Surg 38:239–242. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.05.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider PA, Naylor AR (2010) Transatlantic debate. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis–medical therapy alone versus medical therapy plus carotid endarterectomy or stenting. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Off J Eur Soc Vasc Surg 40:274–281. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.05.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SPACE Collaborative Group, Ringleb PA, Allenberg J et al (2006) 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 368:1239–1247. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69122-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taha MM, Sakaida H, Asakura F et al (2007) Access site complications with carotid angioplasty and stenting. Surg Neurol 68:431–437. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2006.11.036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama K, Taoka T, Nakagawa H et al (2012) Effect of cilostazol in preventing restenosis after carotid artery stenting using the carotid wallstent: a multicenter retrospective study. Ajnr Am J Neuroradiol 33:2167–2170. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theron JG, Payelle GG, Coskun O et al (1996) Carotid artery stenosis: treatment with protected balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Radiology 201:627–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tietke MW, Ulmer S, Riedel C, Jansen O (2008) Carotid artery stenting via transbrachial approach. Röfo Fortschritte Auf Dem Geb Röntgenstrahlen Nukl 180:988–993. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1027707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tübler T, Schlüter M, Dirsch O et al (2001) Balloon-protected carotid artery stenting: relationship of periprocedural neurological complications with the size of particulate debris. Circulation 104:2791–2796

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vellimana AK, Kadkhodayan Y, Rich KM et al (2013) Symptomatic patients with intraluminal carotid artery thrombus: outcome with a strategy of initial anticoagulation. J Neurosurg 118:34–41. doi:10.3171/2012.9.JNS12406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilain KR, Magnuson EA, Li H et al (2012) Costs and cost-effectiveness of carotid stenting versus endarterectomy for patients at standard surgical risk: results from the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST). Stroke J Cereb Circ 43:2408–2416. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voeks JH, Howard G, Roubin GS et al (2011) Age and outcomes after carotid stenting and endarterectomy: the carotid revascularization endarterectomy versus stenting trial. Stroke J Cereb Circ 42:3484–3490. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.624155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker MD, Marler JR, Goldstein M et al (1995) Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Jama J Am Med Assoc 273:1421–1428

    Google Scholar 

  • Wennberg DE, Lucas FL, Birkmeyer JD et al (1998) Variation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare population: trial hospitals, volume, and patient characteristics. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 279:1278–1281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wholey MH, Wholey M, Bergeron P et al (1998) Current global status of carotid artery stent placement. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 44:1–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winslow CM, Solomon DH, Chassin MR et al (1988) The appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy. N Engl J Med 318:721–727. doi:10.1056/NEJM198803243181201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PA, Clagett GP, Easton JD et al (1999) Preventing ischemic stroke in patients with prior stroke and transient ischemic attack : a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke J Cereb Circ 30:1991–1994

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE et al (2004) Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 351:1493–1501. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarins CK, White RA, Diethrich EB et al (2009) Carotid revascularization using endarterectomy or stenting systems (CaRESS): 4-year outcomes. J Endovasc Ther Off J Int Soc Endovasc Spec 16:397–409. doi:10.1583/08-2685.1

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou W, Zareie R, Tedesco M et al (2011) Risk factors predictive of carotid artery stenting-associated subclinical microemboli. Int J Angiol Off Publ Int Coll Angiol Inc 20:25–32. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1272546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B, EVA-3S Investigators, et al (2006) Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 355:1660–1671. Kardiol Pol 64:1458–1460; discussion 1460–1461

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurological Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, N-1018 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1240, USA

    Daniel S. Ikeda, Andrew Shaw & Ciarán J. Powers

  2. Lyerly Neurosurgery, Baptist Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA

    Eric Sauvageau

Authors
  1. Daniel S. Ikeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrew Shaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eric Sauvageau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ciarán J. Powers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ciarán J. Powers .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiovascular Disease Department of Internal Medicine, Health Care Center Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany

    Peter Lanzer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Ikeda, D.S., Shaw, A., Sauvageau, E., Powers, C.J. (2015). Endovascular Management of Extracranial Carotid Disease . In: Lanzer, P. (eds) PanVascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_93

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_93

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37077-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37078-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation