Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Materials and Phase Structures of Calamitic and Discotic Liquid Crystals

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Visual Display Technology

Abstract

In this chapter, an introduction to the field of liquid crystals relevant to displays and devices is given. It covers the structures of nematic, and smectic, calamitic liquid crystals that can be used as the switching elements in displays and nematic discotic and columnar nematic liquid crystals that can be used in optical films. Examples of the types of materials that can be employed, in each case, are given and also the effects that can be achieved when the materials are chiral.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

5CB:

4′-Pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl

8SI:

4-(2-Methylbutyl)phenyl 4-n-octylbiphenyl-4′-carboxylate

AF:

Antiferroelectric

BDH:

British drug houses

CE8:

4-(2-Methylbutyl)phenyl 4-n-octylbiphenyl-4′-carboxylate

Col:

Columnar

F:

Ferroelectric

IPS-LCD:

In-plane switching liquid crystal display

LCD:

Liquid crystal display

N:

Nematic

Ps:

Spontaneous polarization

Sm:

Smectic

SSF-LCD:

Surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display

STN-LCD:

Super-twisted nematic liquid crystal display

TN-LCD:

Twisted nematic liquid crystal display

VAN-LCD:

Vertically aligned liquid crystal display

Further Reading

  • Als-Nielsen J (1981) Liquid crystals studied by perfect crystals. In: Boccara N (ed) Symmetries and broken symmetries in condensed matter physics. Proceedings of the Colloque Pierre Curie, Paris, 1–5 September 1980. IDSET, Paris, pp 107–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Als-Nielsen J, Litster JD, Birgeneau RJ, Kaplan M, Safinya CR, Lindegaard-Andersen A, Mathiesen B (1980) Observation of algebraic decay of positional order in a smectic liquid-crystal. Phys Rev B22:312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bata L, Buka A (1981) Dielectric permittivity and relaxation phenomena in smectic phases. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 63:307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beattie DR, Hindmarsh P, Goodby JW, Haslam SD, Richardson RM (1992) Triphenylene hexa-n-alkylcyclohexanoates – a new series of disc-like liquid crystals. J Mater Chem 2:1261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benattar JJ, Doucet J, Lambert M, Levelut A-M (1979) Nature of the smectic F phase. Phys Rev 20A:2505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benattar JJ, Moussa F, Lambert M (1983) Two-dimensional ordering in liquid-crystals – the SmF and SmI phases. J Chim Phys 80:99

    Google Scholar 

  • Benattar JJ, Moussa F, Lambert M (1980) Two-dimensional order in the smectic F phase. J Phys Paris 41:1371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berreman DW (1984) Blue phase structure analysis by optical bragg diffraction. In: Griffin AC, Johnson JF (eds) Liquid crystals and ordered fluids, vol 4. Plenum, New York, pp 925–943

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boller A, Cereghetti M, Schadt M, Scherrer M (1977) Synthesis and some physical properties of phenylpyrimidines. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 42:215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boller A, Cereghetti M, Schadt M, Scherrer M (1977) Synthesis and some physical properties of phenylpyrimidines. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 42:215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn RS, Ingold CK (1951) Specification of configuration about quadricovalent asymmetric atoms. J Chem Soc 612

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahn RS, Ingold CK, Prelog V (1966) Specification of molecular chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed 5:385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr N, Gray GW, McDonnell DG (1983) The 1-(trans-4′-N-alkylcyclohexyl)-2-(4″-cyanophenyl)ethanes – a new series of stable nematogens of positive dielectric anisotropy. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 97:13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandani ADL, Gorecka E, Ouchi Y, Takezoe H, Fukuda A (1989) Antiferroelectric chiral smectic phases responsible for the tristable switching in MHPOBC. Jap J Appl Phys Lett 28:L1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandarsekhar S, Madhusudana NV (1985) Molecular interactions and dynamics in liquid crystals. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Chem Sci) 94:139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandrasekhar S, Raja VN, Sadishiva BK (1990) X-ray study of a thermotropic biaxial nematic liquid crystal. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 7:65

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark NA, Lagerwall ST (1980) Submicrosecond bistable electro-optic switching in liquid-crystals. Appl Phys Lett 36:899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark NA, Crandall C, Handschy MA, Meadows MR, Malzbender RM, Park C, Xue JZ (2000) FLC microdisplays. Ferroelectrics 246:1003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates D, Gray GW (1973) Optical studies of amorphous liquid-cholesteric liquid-crystal transition – blue phase. Phys Lett 45A:115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crooker PP (1989) The blue phases – a review of experiments. Liq Cryst 5:751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Gennes PG (1974) The physics of liquid crystals. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries A, Ekachai A, Spielberg N (1979) Why the molecules are tilted in all smectic a phases, and how the layer thickness can be used to measure orientational disorder. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 49:143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demus D, Zaschke H (1984) Flüssige Kristalle in Tabellen, vol II. VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstof findustrie, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Demus D, Demus H, Zaschke H (1974) Flüssige Kristalle in Tabellen. Verlag für VEB Deutscher Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Demus D, Goodby JW, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (eds) (1998a) Handbook of liquid crystals, vol 2A. Low molecular weight liquid crystals I. Wiley, Weinheim, p 490. ISBN 3-527-29271-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Demus D, Goodby JW, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (eds) (1998b) Handbook of liquid crystals, vol 2B, 846. Low molecular weight liquid crystals II. Wiley, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Demus D, Goodby JW, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (1998c) Handbook of liquid crystals, vol 1. Fundamentals. Wiley, Weinheim, p 914. ISBN 3-527-29270-5

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Demus D, Goodby JW, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (eds) (1999) Physical properties of liquid crystals. Wiley, Weinheim, p 503. ISBN 3-527-29747-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingemans TJ, Samulski ET (2000) Non-linear boomerang-shaped liquid crystals derived from 2,5-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole. Liq Cryst 131:27

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong C (1994) Fluorinated to lane and dioxane liquid crystals for ferroelectric display applications. PhD thesis, University of Hull

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumrongrattana S, Huang CC (1986) Polarization and tilt-angle measurements near the smectic-A-chiral-smectic-C transition of p-(N-decyloxybenzylidene)-p-amino-(2-methyl-butyl)cinnamate (DOBAMBC). Phys Rev Lett 56:464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumrongrattana S, Nounesis G, Huang CC (1986) Measurements of tilt angle and heat-capacity in the vicinity of one smectic-A chiral smectic-C transition. Phys Rev 33A:2181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eidenschink R, Erdman D, Krause J, Pohl L (1977) Substituted phenylcyclohexanes – new class of liquid-crystalline compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 16:100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eliel EL (1962) Stereochemistry of carbon compounds. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Etherington G, Leadbetter AJ, Wang XJ, Gray GW, Tajbakhsh A (1986) Structure of the smectic D-phase. Liq Cryst 1:209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkenzeller U, Pausch AE, Poetsch E, Svermann J (1993) Kontakte 2:3

    Google Scholar 

  • Galerne Y, Liébert L (1990) Smectic O films. Phys Rev Lett 64:906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geivandov RC, Goncharov IV, Titov VV (1989) Mesomorphic twistane derivatives – a new class of chiral nematogens. Mol Cryst Lid Cryst 166:101

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodby JW (1991) Chirality in liquid crystals. J Mater Chem 1:307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodby JW (1998a) Phase structures of calamitic liquid crystals. In: Demus D, Goodby JW, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (eds) The handbook of liquid crystals low molecular weight liquid crystals I, vol 2A. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 413–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodby JW (1998b) A pictorial approach to helical macrostructures in smectic liquid crystals. In: Cladis PE, Palffy-Muhoray P (eds) Dynamics and defects in liquid crystals: a Festschrift in honour of Alfred Saupe. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 273–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodby JW, Gray GW (1976a) Molecular structure and the polymorphism of smectic liquid crystals. J Phys Paris C3 37:17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodby JW, Gray GW (1976b) Some effects of small changes in molecular framework on the incidence of smectic C and other smectic liquid crystal phases in esters. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 37:157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodby JW, Blinc R, Clark NA, Lagerwall ST, Osipov MA, Pikin SA, Sakurai T, Yoshino K, Zeks B (1991) Ferroelectric liquid crystals – principles, properties and applications. Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, p 474. ISBN 2-88124-282-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodby JW, Toyne KJ, Hird M, Styring P, Lewis RA, Beer A, Dong CC, Glendenning ME, Jones JC, Lymer KP, Slaney AJ, Minter V, Chan LKM (2000) Chiral liquid crystals for ferroelectric, electroclinic and antiferroelectric displays and photonic devices. In: Shashidhar R, Gnade B (eds) Liquid crystal materials, devices and flat panel displays. Proceedings of the SPIE, vol 3955, p 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW (1976) Molecular geometry and the properties of nonamphiphilic liquid crystals. Adv Liq Cryst 2:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW, Goodby JW (1984) Smectic liquid crystals, textures and structures. Leonard Hill, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW, Harrison KJ (1971) Liquid crystalline properties of alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl 4-p-substituted-benzylideneamino-cinnamates and α-methylcinnamates. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 13:37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW, McDonnell DG (1977) Relationship between helical twist sense, absolute-configuration and molecular-structure for non-sterol cholesteric liquid-crystals. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Lett 34:211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW, Winsor PA (1974) Liquid crystals and plastic crystals, vols 1 and 2. Ellis Horwood, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW, Harrison KJ, Nash JA (1973) New family of nematic liquid-crystals for displays. Electron Lett 9:130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW, Hird M, Lacey D, Toyne KJ (1989) The synthesis and transition-temperatures of some 4,4″-dialkyl-1,1′-4′,1″-terphenyls and 4,4″-alkoxyalkyl-1,1′-4′,1″-terphenyls with 2,3-difluoro or 2′,3′-difluoro substituents and of their biphenyl analogs. J Chem Soc Perk Trans 2:2041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GW, Hird M, Toyne KJ (1991) The synthesis of several lateral difluoro-substituted 4,4″-dialkyl- and 4,4″-alkoxyalkyl-terphenyls and a rationalisation of the effect of such substitution on mesophase type and transition temperatures? Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 204:43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardouin F, Levelut A-M, Benattar JJ, Sigaud G (1980) X-rays investigations of the smectic A1-smectic A2 transition. Solid State Commun 33:337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardouin F, Sigaud G, Tinh NH, Achard MF (1981) Anomalies of periodicity in some liquid-crystalline cyano derivatives. J Phys Paris Lett 42:63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardouin F, Tinh NH, Achard MF, Levelut A-M (1982) A New thermotropic smectic phase made of ribbons. J Phys Paris Lett 43:327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hindmarsh P, Hird M, Styring P, Goodby JW (1993) Lateral substitution in the peripheral moieties of triphenylen-2,3,6,7,10,11-yl hexa-4-alkoxybenzoates: dimethyl-substituted systems. J Mater Chem 3:1117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hird M (1990) The synthesis and properties of liquid crystals for twisted nematic and ferroelectric displays. PhD thesis, University of Hull

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones JC, Towler MJ, Hughes JR (1993) Fast, high-contrast ferroelectric liquid-crystal displays and the role of dielectric biaxiality. Displays 14:86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelker H, Hatz R (1980) Handbook of liquid crystals. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly SM (1996) The effect of the position and configuration of carbon-carbon double bonds on the mesomorphism of thermotropic, non-amphiphilic liquid crystals. Liq Cryst 20:493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch P, Tarumi K (1998) A novel type of liquid crystals based on axially fluorinated cyclohexane units. Angew Chem Int Ed 37:484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klasen M, Weller C, Tarumi K, Bremer M (2004) Liquid crystal medium. US Patent 6,764,722, B2

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasen-Memmer M, Bremer M, Rillich M (2003) Liquid crystal medium, and electro-optical display containing same. US Patent 6,896,939 B2

    Google Scholar 

  • Kresse H (1983) Dielectric behaviour of liquid crystals. Adv Liq Cryst 6:109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Acharya BR, Primak A, Kumar S (2004) Biaxial nematic phase in bent-core thermotropic mesogens. Phys Rev Lett 92:145506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter AJ (1979) Structural studies of nematic, smectic a and smectic C phases. In: Luckhurst GR, Gray GW (eds) The molecular physics of liquid crystals. Academic, New York, p 285

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter AJ (1987) Structural classification of liquid crystals. In: Gray GW (ed) Thermotropic liquid crystals, critical reports on applied chemistry, vol 22. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter AJ, Richardson RM (1979) Incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering. Incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering. In: Luckhurst GR, Gray GW (eds) The molecular physics of liquid crystals. Academic, New York, p 451

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter AJ, Durrant JLA, Rugman M (1977) Density of 4n-octyl-4′-cyano-biphenyl (8CB). Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Lett 34:231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter AJ, Mazid MA, Kelly BA, Goodby JW, Gray GW (1979a) Structure of the smectic B phase and the nature of the smectic B to H transitions in the N-(4-n-alkoxybenzylidene)-4′-n-alkylanilines. Phys Rev Lett 43:630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter AJ, Frost JC, Gaughan JP, Mazid MA (1979b) The structure of the crystal, smectic E and smectic B forms of IBPBAC. J Phys Paris 40:C3–C185

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter AJ, Frost JC, Gaughan JP, Gray GW, Mosley A (1979c) Structure of smectic-A phases of compounds with cyano End groups. J Phys Paris 40:375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levelut A-M, Germain C, Keller P, Liébert L, Billard J (1983) 2 New mesophases in a chiral compound. J Phys Paris 44:623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lueder E (2003) Liquid crystal displays. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan WL (1973) Simple molecular theory of the smectic C phase. Phys Rev A 8:1921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meiboom S, Sammon M (1980) Structure of the blue phase of a cholesteric liquid-crystal. Phys Rev Lett 44:882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meiboom S, Sethna JP, Anderson PW, Brinkman WF (1981) Theory of the blue phase of cholesteric liquid-crystals. Phys Rev Lett 46:1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer RB (1977) Ferroelectric liquid crystals. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 40:33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minas H, Murawski H-R, Stegemeyer H, Sucrow W (1982) Perhydrophenanthrenes – novel liquid-crystals. J Chem Soc Chem Commun

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyaura N, Suzuki A (1981) The palladium-catalyzed head-to-tail cross-coupling reaction of 1-alkenylboranes with phenyl or 1-alkenyl iodides – a novel synthesis of 2-phenyl-1-alkenes or 2-alkyl-1,3-alkadienes via organoboranes. J Organomet Chem 213:C53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyaura N, Yamada K, Suginome H, Suzuki A (1985) Novel and convenient method for the sterospecific and regiospecific synthesis of conjugated alkadienes and alkenynes via the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 1-alkenylboranes with bromoalkenes and bromoalkynes. J Am Chem Soc 107:972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiyama I, Goodby JW (1992) A Non-chiral swallow-tailed liquid crystal exhibiting a smectic C phase that has an antiferroelectric structure. J Mater Chem 1015:2

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Callaghan MJ, Ferguson R, Vohra R, Thurmes W, Harant AW, Pecinovsky CS, Zhang YQ, Yang S, O’Neill M, Handschy MA (2009) Bistable FLCOS devices for doubled-brightness micro-projectors. J SID 17:369

    Google Scholar 

  • Orchin M, Kaplan F, Macomber RS, Wilson RM, Zimmer H (1980) The vocabulary of organic chemistry. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Osman MA, Huynh-Ba T (1984) Aliphatic liquid-crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy. Helv Chim Acta 67:959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauluth D, Tarumi K (2004) Advanced liquid crystals for television. J Mater Chem 14:1219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perennes FA, Crossland WA (1997) Optimization of ferroelectric liquid crystal optically addressed spatial light modulator performance. Opt Eng 36:2294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pershan PS, Aeppli G, Litster JD, Birgeneau RJ (1981) High-resolution X-Ray study of the smectic-A-smectic-B phase-transition and the smectic-B phase in butyloxybenzylidene octylaniline. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 67:861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pindak R, Moncton DE, Davey SC, Goodby JW (1981) X-ray observation of a stacked hexatic liquid crystal B phase. Phys Rev Lett 46:1135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl L, Eidenschink R, Krause J, Erdman D (1977) Physical-properties of nematic phenylcyclohexanes, a new class of Low melting liquid-crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy. Phys Lett 60A:421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Praefcke K, Kohne B, Singer D, Demus D, Pelzl G, Diele S (1990) Liquid-crystalline compounds: thermotropic biaxial nematic phases with negative optical character. Liq Cryst 7:589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prost J (1984) The smectic state. Adv Phys 33:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prost J, Barois P (1983) Polymorphism in polar mesogens 2. Theoretical aspects. J Chim Phys 80:65

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratna BR, Shashidhar R, Raja VN (1985) Smectic-a phase with two collinear incommensurate density modulations. Phys Rev Lett 55:1476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson RM, Leadbetter AJ, Frost JC (1982) A comparative-study of the molecular motions in the three-smectic phases of isobutyl 4(4′ phenylbenzylideneamino) cinnamate using incoherent neutron-scattering. Mol Phys 45:1163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sackmann H (1980) The system of nonamphiphilic smectic liquid crystals with layer structures. In: Helfrich W, Heppke G (eds) Liquid crystals of one- and two-dimensional order. Springer, New York, p 19

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sackmann H, Demus D (1966) Polymorphism of liquid crystals. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 2:81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solladie G, Zimmerman GR (1985) A New class of chiral smectic liquid-crystals – substituted biphenylylcyclohexylideneethanones having an axial chirality. J Org Chem 50:4062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sucrow W, Minas H, Stegemeyer H, Geschwinder H, Murawski H-R, Kruger C (1985) Aliphatic liquid-crystals. 2. Some nematic derivatives of All-trans-perhydrophenanthrene. Chem Ber 118:3322

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyne KJ (1987) Liquid crystal behaviour in relation to molecular structure. In: Gray GW (ed) Thermotropic liquid crystals, critical reports on applied chemistry, vol 22. Wiley, Chichester, pp 28–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Wulf A (1975) Steric model for smectic-C phase. Phys Rev A 11:365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang Y, Goodby JW, Görtz V, Gleeson HF (2009) Revealing the uniaxial to biaxial nematic liquid crystal phase transition via distinctive electroconvection. Appl Phys Lett 94:193507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan J, Cheng H-C, Gauza S, Li Y, Jiao MZ, Rao LH, Wu ST (2010) Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals. Appl Phys Lett 96:071105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang D, Wu S (2006) Fundamentals of liquid crystal devices. Wiley, Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizawa A, Yokoyama NA, Kikuzaki H, Hirai T (1993) The effect of molecular-structure on molecular-dynamics and ordering in a chiral smectic liquid-crystal. Liq Cryst 14:513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaschke H (1975) Synthesis of low melting-point crystaline-liquid heterocycles 1: 5-N-alkyl-2-(4-N-alkoxy-phenyl)-pyrimidines. J Prakt Chem 317:617

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, UK

    J. W. Goodby

Authors
  1. J. W. Goodby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. W. Goodby .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial Technology Research Institute Display Technology Center, Hsin Chu, Taiwan

    Janglin Chen

  2. Nottingham Trent University School of Computing & Informatics, Nottingham, United Kingdom

    Wayne Cranton

  3. Veritas et Visus, Temple, TX, USA

    Mark Fihn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Goodby, J.W. (2014). Materials and Phase Structures of Calamitic and Discotic Liquid Crystals. In: Chen, J., Cranton, W., Fihn, M. (eds) Handbook of Visual Display Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35947-7_81-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35947-7_81-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-35947-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation