Abstract
Tissue from the alimentary canal, the hepatobiliary system, and the pancreas accounts for a significant portion of the day-to-day surgical pathology material in most diagnostic pathology laboratories. While many of the tumors encountered in these specimens are microscopically identical to homonymous tumors in other parts of the body and are graded similarly, some are unique to the gastrointestinal system. This chapter reviews the grading of the most common neoplasms of the digestive system. Several grading systems exist. In this chapter, we essentially adhere to the schemas agreed upon at the editorial and consensus conference of the International Agency of Research for Cancer (Lyon) December 2009 and published as the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System (Bosman et al. 2010).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Articles
Montgomery E, Field JK, Boffetta P et al (2010) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 18–24
Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT et al (2010) Diagnostic terms revisited: nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 13–14
Rindi G, Kloppel G, Alhman H et al (2006) TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch 449:395–401
Rindi G, Kloppel G, Couvelard A et al (2007) TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch 451:757–762
Rindi G, Bordi C, La Rosa S, Solcia E et al (2011) Gastroenteropancreatic (neuro)endocrine neoplasms: the histology report. Dig Liver Dis 43(Suppl 4):S356–S360
La Rosa S, Inzani F, Vanoli A et al (2011) Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum Pathol 42:1373–1384
Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, Sobin HL, Lasota J (2002) Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol 33:478–483
Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 29:52–68
Miettinen M, Makhlouf H, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 30:477–489
Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1466–1478
Goh BK, Chow PK, Yap WM et al (2008) Which is the optimal risk stratification system for surgically treated localized primary GIST? Comparison of three contemporary prognostic criteria in 171 tumors and a proposal for a modified Armed Forces Institute of Pathology risk criteria. Ann Surg Oncol 15:2153–2163
Foo WC, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Lazar AJ (2012) Pathology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Med Insights Pathol 5:23–33
Blay JY, Le Cesne A, Cassier PA, Ray-Coquard IL (2012) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): a rare entity, a tumor model for personalized therapy, and yet ten different molecular subtypes. Discov Med 13:357–367
von Mehren M, Benjamin RS, Bui MM et al (2012) Soft tissue sarcoma, version 2.2012: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 10:951–960
Huang Q, Shi J, Sun Q et al (2012) Distal esophageal carcinomas in Chinese patients vary widely in histopathology, but adenocarcinomas remain rare. Hum Pathol 43:2138–48
Lauwers GY, Carneiro F, Graham DY et al (2010) Tumors of the Stomach. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organiza-tion classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC, Lyon, pp 48–58
Shepherd NA, Carr NJ, Howe JR et al (2010) Tumours of the small intestine: carcinoma of the small intestine. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 98–101
Garbrecht N, Anlauf M, Schmitt A et al (2008) Somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum and pancreas: incidence, types, biological behavior, association with inherited syndromes, and functional activity. Endocr Relat Cancer 15:229–241
Hamilton SR, Bosman FT, Boffetta P et al (2010) Tumors of the colon and rectum: carcinoma of the colon and rectum. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 134–146
Klöppel G, Lingenthal G, von Bülow M, Kern HF (1985) Histological and fine structural features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in relation to growth and prognosis: studies in xenografted tumours and clinico-histopathological correlation in a series of 75 cases. Histopathology 9:841–856
El-Serag HB (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365:1118–1127
Theise ND, Curado MP, Franceschi S et al (2010) Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts: hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 205–216
Tyson GL, El-Serag HB (2011) Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 54:173–184
Nakanuma Y, Curado MP, Franceschi S et al (2010) Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classi-fication of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 217–2224
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Neumann, W.L., Genta, R.M. (2013). Tumors of the Digestive System. In: Damjanov, I., Fan, F. (eds) Cancer Grading Manual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-34515-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-34516-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)