Skip to main content

Tumors of the Digestive System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cancer Grading Manual

Abstract

Tissue from the alimentary canal, the hepatobiliary system, and the pancreas accounts for a significant portion of the day-to-day surgical pathology material in most diagnostic pathology laboratories. While many of the tumors encountered in these specimens are microscopically identical to homonymous tumors in other parts of the body and are graded similarly, some are unique to the gastrointestinal system. This chapter reviews the grading of the most common neoplasms of the digestive system. Several grading systems exist. In this chapter, we essentially adhere to the schemas agreed upon at the editorial and consensus conference of the International Agency of Research for Cancer (Lyon) December 2009 and published as the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System (Bosman et al. 2010).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Articles

  1. Montgomery E, Field JK, Boffetta P et al (2010) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 18–24

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT et al (2010) Diagnostic terms revisited: nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 13–14

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rindi G, Kloppel G, Alhman H et al (2006) TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch 449:395–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Rindi G, Kloppel G, Couvelard A et al (2007) TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch 451:757–762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rindi G, Bordi C, La Rosa S, Solcia E et al (2011) Gastroenteropancreatic (neuro)endocrine neoplasms: the histology report. Dig Liver Dis 43(Suppl 4):S356–S360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. La Rosa S, Inzani F, Vanoli A et al (2011) Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum Pathol 42:1373–1384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, Sobin HL, Lasota J (2002) Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol 33:478–483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 29:52–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Miettinen M, Makhlouf H, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 30:477–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1466–1478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Goh BK, Chow PK, Yap WM et al (2008) Which is the optimal risk stratification system for surgically treated localized primary GIST? Comparison of three contemporary prognostic criteria in 171 tumors and a proposal for a modified Armed Forces Institute of Pathology risk criteria. Ann Surg Oncol 15:2153–2163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Foo WC, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Lazar AJ (2012) Pathology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Med Insights Pathol 5:23–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Blay JY, Le Cesne A, Cassier PA, Ray-Coquard IL (2012) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): a rare entity, a tumor model for personalized therapy, and yet ten different molecular subtypes. Discov Med 13:357–367

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. von Mehren M, Benjamin RS, Bui MM et al (2012) Soft tissue sarcoma, version 2.2012: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 10:951–960

    Google Scholar 

  15. Huang Q, Shi J, Sun Q et al (2012) Distal esophageal carcinomas in Chinese patients vary widely in histopathology, but adenocarcinomas remain rare. Hum Pathol 43:2138–48

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lauwers GY, Carneiro F, Graham DY et al (2010) Tumors of the Stomach. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organiza-tion classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC, Lyon, pp 48–58

    Google Scholar 

  17. Shepherd NA, Carr NJ, Howe JR et al (2010) Tumours of the small intestine: carcinoma of the small intestine. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 98–101

    Google Scholar 

  18. Garbrecht N, Anlauf M, Schmitt A et al (2008) Somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum and pancreas: incidence, types, biological behavior, association with inherited syndromes, and functional activity. Endocr Relat Cancer 15:229–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hamilton SR, Bosman FT, Boffetta P et al (2010) Tumors of the colon and rectum: carcinoma of the colon and rectum. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 134–146

    Google Scholar 

  20. Klöppel G, Lingenthal G, von Bülow M, Kern HF (1985) Histological and fine structural features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in relation to growth and prognosis: studies in xenografted tumours and clinico-histopathological correlation in a series of 75 cases. Histopathology 9:841–856

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. El-Serag HB (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365:1118–1127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Theise ND, Curado MP, Franceschi S et al (2010) Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts: hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 205–216

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tyson GL, El-Serag HB (2011) Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 54:173–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nakanuma Y, Curado MP, Franceschi S et al (2010) Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. WHO classi-fication of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 217–2224

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert M. Genta M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Neumann, W.L., Genta, R.M. (2013). Tumors of the Digestive System. In: Damjanov, I., Fan, F. (eds) Cancer Grading Manual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-34515-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-34516-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics