Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Low-Energy Electron Microscopy

  • Chapter
Surface Science Techniques

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Surface Sciences ((SSSUR,volume 51))

Abstract

Low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) images a beam of low-energy electrons that have been reflected from a sample. The technique characterizes the sample’s surface in real-space with nanometer-scale lateral resolution. Through a variety of contrast mechanisms, different aspects of the surface can be imaged, including the distribution of different phases and the location of atomic steps. LEEM instrumentation can also acquire electron diffraction patterns from local regions of the surface. The ability to acquire images quickly during temperature changes, while depositing films and exposing materials to reactive gases makes LEEM extremely useful for studying dynamical processes on surfaces. New developments include aberration correction systems for improved spatial resolution and bright spin-polarized electron sources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In fact PEEM is more forgiving in terms of the samples that can be analyzed—some electrons are photoemitted normal to the surface plane even from very rough surfaces or from surfaces whose facets are not in the surface plane. In contrast, LEEM works best on relatively flat surfaces whose facets lie mainly within the surface plane. (For surfaces whose facets are not orthogonal to the electron beam, the specularly reflected electron beam is not transmitted through the imaging column under normal conditions.)

  2. 2.

    If properly tuned, cathode preparation is routine and lifetimes are several days.

  3. 3.

    One fact in LEEM that is often overlooked is that the sample always experiences such an applied field. As the resolution degrades mildly with acceleration voltage [39] (see Fig. 18.6), the electrical field might be somewhat reduced for delicate samples.

  4. 4.

    The opposite magnetic fields cancel the spin rotation of an individual dipole so that an electron transiting the complete beam separator does not change spin direction.

References

  1. L. Veneklasen, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 5513 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. E. Bauer, Rep. Prog. Phys. 57, 895 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. E. Bauer, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5(6), 1275 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Tromp, IBM J. Res. Dev. 44(4), 503 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Phaneuf, A. Schmid, Phys. Today 56, 50 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. N. Rougemaille, A. Schmid, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 20101 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. M.S. Altman, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22, 084017 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. D.B. Williams, C.B. Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin, 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  9. R.M. Tromp, F.M. Ross, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30, 431 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Herranz, K. McCarty, B. Santos, M. Monti, J. de la Figuera, Chem. Mater. 22, 1291 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. F. El Gabaly, W. Ling, K. McCarty, J. de la Figuera, Science 308, 1303 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. T. Schmidt, S. Heun, J. Slezak, J. Diaz, K. Prince, G. Lilienkamp, E. Bauer, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1287 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. E. Bauer, Surf. Sci. 299–300, 102 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. W. Telieps, E. Bauer, Ultramicroscopy 17, 57 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. K. Grzelakowski, T. Duden, E. Bauer, H. Poppa, S. Chiang, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 4500 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Elmitec Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH

    Google Scholar 

  17. R. Fink, M. Weiss, E. Umbach, D. Preikszas, H. Rose, R. Spehr, P. Hartel, W. Engel, R. Degenhardt, R. Wichtendahl, H. Kuhlenbeck, W. Erlebach, K. Ihmann, R. Schlogl, H. Freund, A. Bradshaw, G. Lilienkamp, T. Schmidt, E. Bauer, G. Benner, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 84, 231 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Tromp, J. Hannon, A. Ellis, W. Wan, A. Berghaus, O. Schaff, Ultramicroscopy 110, 852 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Specs Surface Nanoanalysis Gmbh

    Google Scholar 

  20. M. Van Hove, S. Tong, Surface Crystallography by LEED (Springer, Berlin, 1979)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. L.J. Clarke, Surface Crystallography: An Introduction to Low Energy Electron Diffraction (Wiley, New York, 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  22. S. Nepijko, N. Sedov, Adv. Imaging Electron Phys. 102, 273 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. S.M. Kennedy, C.X. Zheng, W.X. Tang, D.M. Paganin, D.E. Jesson, Proc. R. Soc. A 466, 2857 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. J. de la Figuera, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, Surf. Sci. 600, 4062 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. T. Herranz, B. Santos, K. McCarty, J. de la Figuera, Surf. Sci. 605, 903 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. A.B. Pang, T. Müller, M. Altman, E. Bauer, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(31), 314006 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. J.S. Park, A. Quesada, Y. Meng, J. Li, E. Jin, H. Son, A. Tan, J. Wu, C. Hwang, H.W. Zhao, A.K. Schmid, Z.Q. Qiu, Phys. Rev. B 83, 113405 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Pendry, Low Energy Electron Diffraction: The Theory and Its Application to Determination of Surface Structure (Academic Press, San Diego, 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  29. W. Chung, M. Altman, Ultramicroscopy 74, 237 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Kennedy, N. Schofield, D. Paganin, D. Jesson, Surf. Rev. Lett. 16, 855 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. T. Schmidt, H. Marchetto, P. Levesque, U. Groh, F. Maier, D. Preikszas, P. Hartel, R. Spehr, G. Lilienkamp, W. Engel, R. Fink, E. Bauer, H. Rose, E. Umbach, H. Freund, Ultramicroscopy 110, 1358 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. K.N. Maffitt, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39, 259 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Mankos, D. Adler, L. Veneklasen, E. Munro, Phys. Proc. 1, 485 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. E. Bauer, in Modern Techniques for Characterizing Magnetic Materials, ed. by Y. Zhu (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 361–382

    Google Scholar 

  35. E. Bauer, in Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures, ed. by H. Hopster, H.P. Oepen (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 111–136

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. P.W. Palmberg, R.E. DeWames, L.A. Vredevoe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 682 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. K.S.R. Menon, S. Mandal, J. Das, T.O. Mentes, M.A. Niño, A. Locatelli, R. Belkhou, Phys. Rev. B 84, 132402 (2011). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.132402

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. G. Rempfer, D. Desloge, W. Skoczylas, O. Griffith, Microsc. Microanal. 3, 14 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  39. R. Tromp, Ultramicroscopy 111, 273 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. K. Tsuno, T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256, 1035 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. R. Tromp, Y. Fujikawa, J. Hannon, A. Ellis, A. Berghaus, O. Schaff, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(31), 314007 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. K. Grzelakowski, E. Bauer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 742 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. P. Grivet, Electron Optics, revised edn. (Pergamon, Elmsford, 1965)

    Google Scholar 

  44. G.F. Rempfer, J. Appl. Phys. 57, 2385 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. P. Adamec, E. Bauer, B. Lencova, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3583 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kimball Physics, Inc, Tech. Bull. (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  47. D.T. Pierce, R.J. Celotta, G. Wang, W.N. Unertl, A. Galejs, C.E. Kuyatt, S.R. Mielczarek, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 478 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. X. Jin, N. Yamamoto, Y. Nakagawa, A. Mano, T. Kato, M. Tanioku, T. Ujihara, Y. Takeda, S. Okumi, M. Yamamoto, T. Nakanishi, T. Saka, H. Horinaka, T. Kato, T. Yasue, T. Koshikawa, Appl. Phys. Express 1, 045002 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. T. Duden, E. Bauer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 2861 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Chmelik, L. Veneklasen, G. Marx, Optik 83(5), 155 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  51. V. Kolarik, M. Mankos, L. Veneklasen, Optik 87, 1 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  52. W. Wan, J. Feng, H. Padmore, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 564, 537 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. van Gastel, I. Sikharulidze, S. Schramm, J. Abrahams, B. Poelsema, R. Tromp, S. van der Molen, Ultramicroscopy 110, 33 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. L. Veneklasen, Ultramicroscopy 36, 76 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Y. Fujikawa, T. Sakurai, R.M. Tromp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 126803 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Sun, J.B. Hannon, R.M. Tromp, P. Johari, A.A. Bol, V.B. Shenoy, K. Pohl, ACS Nano 4, 7073 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Y. Fujikawa, T. Sakurai, R.M. Tromp, Phys. Rev. B 79, 121401 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. K. McCarty, N. Bartelt, Surf. Sci. 540, 157 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. K. McCarty, N. Bartelt, Surf. Sci. 527, L203 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. K. McCarty, N. Bartelt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 046104 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. S. Kodambaka, N. Israeli, J. Bareño, W. Swiech, K. Ohmori, I. Petrov, J.E. Greene, Surf. Sci. 560, 53 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. S. Kodambaka, S. Khare, W. Swiech, K. Ohmori, I. Petrov, J. Greene, Nature 429, 49 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. S. Kodambaka, J. Bareno, S. Khare, W. Swieach, I. Petrov, J. Greene, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 034901 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. B. Unal, Y. Sato, K. McCarty, N. Bartelt, T. Duden, C. Jenks, A. Schmid, P. Thiel, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 27, 1249 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Y. Sato, B. Unal, T. Lograsso, P. Thiel, A. Schmid, T. Duden, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, Phys. Rev. B 81, 161406(R) (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. K. McCarty, Nano Lett. 6, 858 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. W. Ling, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, C. Carter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 166105 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. F. El Gabaly, J. Puerta, C. Klein, A. Saa, A. Schmid, K. McCarty, J. Cerda, J. de la Figuera, New J. Phys. 9, 80 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. J. de la Figuera, J. Puerta, J. Cerda, F. El Gabaly, K. McCarty, Surf. Sci. 600, L105 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. J. Maxson, N. Perkins, D. Savage, A. Woll, L. Zhang, T. Kuech, M. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 464, 217 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. N. Bartelt, W. Theis, R. Tromp, Phys. Rev. B 54, 11741 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. M. Mundshau, E. Bauer, W. Telieps, W. Swiech, Surf. Sci. 223, 413 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. N. Bartelt, R. Tromp, E. Williams, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1656 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech, M. Rajappan, C. Flynn, Phys. Rev. B 72, 085422 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. M. Ondrejcek, M. Rajappan, W. Swiech, C. Flynn, Surf. Sci. 574, 111 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. S. Kodambaka, S. Khare, I. Petrov, J. Greene, Surf. Sci. Rep. 60, 55 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. B. Poelsema, J.B. Hannon, N.C. Bartelt, G.L. Kellogg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2551 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. K. McCarty, J. Nobel, N. Bartelt, Nature 412, 622 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. G. Kellogg, N. Bartelt, Surf. Sci. 577, 151 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. W. Ling, N. Bartelt, K. Pohl, J. de la Figuera, R. Hwang, K. McCarty, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 166101 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Ondrejcek, W. Swiech, I. Petrov, M. Rajappan, C.P. Flynn, Microsc. Res. Tech. 72, 197 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. W. Swiech, M. Ondrejcek, C. Flynn, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 314021 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. R.M. Tromp, M. Mankos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1050 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. E. Loginova, N. Bartelt, P. Feibelman, K. McCarty, New J. Phys. 10, 093026 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. J. Hannon, R. Tromp, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 33, 263 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. W. Telieps, E. Bauer, Surf. Sci. 162, 163 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. J. Hannon, H. Hibino, N. Bartelt, B. Swartzentruber, T. Ogino, G. Kellogg, Nature 405, 552 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. J. Hannon, F. Heringdorf, J. Tersoff, R. Tromp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4871 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. H. Hibino, Y. Watanabe, C. Hu, I.S.T. Tsong, Phys. Rev. B 72, 245424 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. J. Maxson, D. Savage, F. Liu, R. Tromp, M. Reuter, M. Lagally, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2152 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. R. Tromp, W. Theis, N. Bartelt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2522 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. Y. Sato, S. Chiang, Surf. Sci. 603, 2300 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. M. Mundschau, E. Bauer, W. Swiech, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 581 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. K. Man, Z. Qiu, M. Altman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 236104 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. K. Man, Q. Guo, M. Altman, Surf. Sci. 600, 1060 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. N. Rougemaille, F. El Gabaly, R. Stumpf, A. Schmid, K. Thürmer, N. Bartelt, J. de la Figuera, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 106101 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. B. Santos, J. Puerta, J. Cerda, T. Herranz, K. McCarty, J. de la Figuera, New J. Phys. 12, 023023 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. K. Man, M. Tringides, M. Loy, M. Altman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 226102 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. T. Schmidt, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B 62, 15815 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. J. Hannon, J. Tersoff, M. Reuter, R. Tromp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266103 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. R. Tromp, J. Hannon, Surf. Rev. Lett. 9, 1565 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. P.W. Sutter, J. Flege, E.A. Sutter, Nat. Mater. 7, 406 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. E. Loginova, S. Nie, K. Thurmer, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, Phys. Rev. B 80, 085430 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. E. Loginova, N. Bartelt, P. Feibelman, K. McCarty, New J. Phys. 11, 063046 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. E. Starodub, S. Maier, I. Stass, N. Bartelt, P. Feibelman, M. Salmeron, K. McCarty, Phys. Rev. B 80, 235422 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. K. McCarty, P. Feibelman, E. Loginova, N. Bartelt, Carbon 47, 1806 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Y. Murata, E. Starodub, B. Kappes, C. Ciobanu, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, S. Kodambaka, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 143114 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. E. Starodub, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 5134 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. J. Wofford, S. Nie, K. McCarty, N. Bartelt, O. Dubon, Nano Lett. 10, 4890 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. S. Nie, A. Walter, N. Bartelt, E. Starodub, A. Bostwick, E. Rotenberg, K. McCarty, ACS Nano 5, 2298 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. T. Ohta, F.E. Gabaly, A. Bostwick, J.L. McChesney, K.V. Emtsev, A.K. Schmid, T. Seyller, K. Horn, E. Rotenberg, New J. Phys. 10, 023034 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. R. Tromp, J. Hannon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 106104 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. D. Siegel, S. Zhou, F.E. Gabaly, A. Schmid, K. McCarty, A. Lanzara, Phys. Rev. B 80, 241407(R) (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. K. McCarty, Surf. Sci. 543, 185 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. K. McCarty, N. Bartelt, J. Cryst. Growth 270, 691 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. J. Pierce, K. McCarty, Phys. Rev. B 71, 125428 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. K. McCarty, J. Pierce, C. Carter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 141902 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. J. Pierce, N. Bartelt, R. Stumpf, K. McCarty, Phys. Rev. B 77, 195438 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. J. Flege, J. Hrbek, P. Sutter, Phys. Rev. B 78, 165407 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. B. Santos, E. Loginova, A. Mascaraque, A. Schmid, K. McCarty, J. de la Figuera, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 314011 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. J.B. Hannon, Science 313, 1266 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. W. Ling, J. Hamilton, K. Thurmer, G. Thayer, J. de la Figuera, R. Hwang, C. Carter, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, Surf. Sci. 600, 1735 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. B. Santos, J. Puerta, J. Cerda, R. Stumpf, K. von Bergmann, R. Wiesendanger, M. Bode, K. McCarty, J. de la Figuera, New J. Phys. 10, 013005 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. F. El Gabaly, S. Gallego, M.C. Muñoz, L. Szunyogh, P. Weinberger, C. Klein, A. Schmid, K. McCarty, J. de la Figuera, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 147202 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. R. Tromp, A. Vandergon, F. Legoues, M. Reuter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3299 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. S. Tang, S. Kodambaka, W. Swiech, I. Petrov, C. Flynn, T. Chiang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 126106 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. K. McCarty, J. Hamilton, Y. Sato, A. Saa, R. Stumpf, J. de la Figuera, K. Thürmer, F. Jones, A. Schmid, A. Talin, N. Bartelt, New J. Phys. 11, 043001 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. W. Ling, T. Giessel, K. Thürmer, R. Hwang, N. Bartelt, K. McCarty, Surf. Sci. 570, L297 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. F.E. Gabaly, A.K. Schmid, Method for preparing ultraflat, atomically perfect areas on large regions of a crystal surface by heteroepitaxy deposition, 2009

    Google Scholar 

  130. F.E. Gabaly, N.C. Bartelt, A.K. Schmid, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 314019 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. L. Aballe, A. Barinov, A. Locatelli, T. Mentes, M. Kiskinova, Phys. Rev. B 75, 115411 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. A. Locatelli, L. Aballe, T. Mentes, F. Guo, M. Kiskinova, Surf. Sci. 601, 4663 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. J. de la Figuera, F. Leonard, N. Bartelt, R. Stumpf, K. McCarty, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 186102 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. T.O. Mentes, A. Locatelli, L. Aballe, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 085701 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. J. Hannon, J. Tersoff, R. Tromp, Science 295, 299 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. G. Thayer, J. Hannon, R. Tromp, Nat. Mater. 3, 95 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. N. Medhekar, V. Shenoy, J. Hannon, R. Tromp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 156102 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. R. Plass, J. Last, N. Bartelt, G. Kellogg, Nature 412, 875 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. R. Plass, N. Bartelt, G. Kellogg, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14, 4227 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. R. van Gastel, R. Plass, N. Bartelt, G. Kellogg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 055503 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. R. van Gastel, N. Bartelt, P. Feibelman, F. Leonard, G. Kellogg, Phys. Rev. B 70, 245413 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. R. van Gastel, N. Bartelt, G. Kellogg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 036106 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. K. McCarty, J. Nobel, N. Bartelt, Phys. Rev. B 71, 085421 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. P. Hou, K. McCarty, Scr. Mater. 54, 937 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. D. Wu, W.K. Lau, Z.Q. He, Y.J. Feng, M.S. Altman, C.T. Chan, Phys. Rev. B 62, 8366 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. K. Man, Y. Feng, M. Altman, Phys. Rev. B 74, 085420 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. K. Man, Y. Feng, C. Chan, M. Altman, Surf. Sci. 601, L95 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. A.K. Schmid, N.C. Bartelt, R.Q. Hwang, Science 290, 1561 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. T. Duden, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2308 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. E. Bauer, T. Duden, R. Zdyb, J. Phys. D 35, 2327 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  151. K. Man, R. Zdyb, S. Huang, T. Leung, C. Chan, E. Bauer, M. Altman, Phys. Rev. B 67, 184402 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  152. R. Zdyb, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B 67, 134420 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. R. Zdyb, A. Locatelli, S. Heun, S. Cherifi, R. Belkhou, E. Bauer, Surf. Interface Anal. 37, 239 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. E. Bauer, R. Belkhou, S. Cherifi, R. Hertel, S. Heun, A. Locatelli, A. Pavlovska, R. Zdyb, N. Agarwal, H. Wang, Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 1622 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. H. Ding, A. Schmid, D. Li, K. Guslienko, S. Bader, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 157202 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  156. N. Rougemaille, A. Schmid, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08S502 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. R. Zdyb, A. Pavlovska, M. Jalochowski, E. Bauer, Surf. Sci. 600, 1586 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  158. R. Zdyb, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 155704 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  159. C. Klein, R. Ramchal, M. Farle, A. Schmid, Surf. Interface Anal. 38, 1550 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. T. Duden, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B 59, 468 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. C. Klein, R. Ramchal, A. Schmid, M. Farle, Phys. Rev. B 75, 193405 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. F. El Gabaly, K. McCarty, A. Schmid, J. de la Figuera, M.C. Muñoz, L. Szunyogh, P. Weinberger, S. Gallego, New J. Phys. 10, 073024 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. R. Zdyb, T. Mentes, A. Locatelli, M. Nino, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B 80, 184425 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. M.H. von Hoegen, Z. Kristallogr. 214, 591 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. R. Reichelt, S. Günther, J. Wintterlin, W. Moritz, L. Aballe, T.O. Mentes, J. Chem. Phys. 127, 134706 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. J. Hannon, J. Sun, K. Pohl, G. Kellogg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 246103 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. J. Sun, J. Hannon, G. Kellogg, K. Pohl, Phys. Rev. B 76, 205414 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. M. Lindroos, H. Pfnür, D. Menzel, Phys. Rev. B 33, 6684 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. M. Lindroos, H. Pfnür, P. Feulner, D. Menzel, Surf. Sci. 180, 237 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. I. Bartos, M.A.V. Hove, M.S. Altman, Surf. Sci. 352–354, 660 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. T. Scheunemann, R. Feder, J. Henk, E. Bauer, T. Duden, H. Pinkvos, H. Poppa, K. Wurm, Solid State Commun. 104, 787 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. R.C. Jaklevic, L.C. Davis, Phys. Rev. B 26, 5391 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  173. A.K. Schmid, W. Swiech, C.S. Rastomjee, B. Rausenberger, W. Engel, E. Zeitler, A.M. Bradshaw, Surf. Sci. 331–333, 225 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. C.M. Yim, K.L. Man, X. Xiao, M.S. Altman, Phys. Rev. B 78, 155439 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. H. Poon, S. Tong, W. Chung, M. Altman, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 1143 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. M. Altman, W. Chung, Z. He, H. Poon, S. Tong, Appl. Surf. Sci. 169–170, 82 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. M.S. Altman, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, S1305 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  178. R. Zdyb, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 166403 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  179. Y.Z. Wu, A.K. Schmid, M.S. Altman, X.F. Jin, Z.Q. Qiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 027201 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  180. Y. Wu, A. Schmid, Z. Qiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 217205 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  181. J.E. Ortega, F.J. Himpsel, G.J. Mankey, R.F. Willis, Phys. Rev. B 47, 1540 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  182. Z.Q. Qiu, N.V. Smith, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14, R169 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  183. C. Jozwiak, J. Graf, G. Lebedev, N. Andresen, A. Schmid, A. Fedorov, F. El Gabaly, W. Wan, A. Lanzara, Z. Hussain, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053904 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. Y. Homma, M. Tomita, T. Hayashi, Ultramicroscopy 52, 187 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. I. Müllerová, K. Matsuda, P. Hrncirík, L. Frank, Surf. Sci. 601, 4768 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  186. F.F. Tao, M. Salmeron, Science 331, 171 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

JdlF acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through Project No. MAT2009-14578-C03. KFM acknowledges support from the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering of the US DOE under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano”, CSIC, Madrid, Spain, 28006

    Juan de la Figuera

  2. Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA

    Kevin F. McCarty

Authors
  1. Juan de la Figuera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kevin F. McCarty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan de la Figuera .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genoa, 16146, Italy

    Gianangelo Bracco

  2. , Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allegaten 55, Bergen, 5007, Svalbard

    Bodil Holst

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de la Figuera, J., McCarty, K.F. (2013). Low-Energy Electron Microscopy. In: Bracco, G., Holst, B. (eds) Surface Science Techniques. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, vol 51. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34243-1_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation