Abstract
Driving under the influence (DUI) of drugs and alcohol is a serious public health problem in the developed world and prohibited by law in virtually all jurisdictions. Historically, while moderate alcohol usage has generally been socially acceptable, impairment due to excessive use of alcohol, while operating a vehicle, is a serious criminal offense, proven through forensic alcohol analysis and field sobriety testing.
While impairing in itself at excess concentrations, alcohol’s metabolites can also have serious detrimental cognitive effects and be responsible for potentially deadly long-term illnesses. Forensic extrapolation of blood alcohol content (BAC) is chiefly obtained from samples of the subject’s breath, that methodology potentially being impacted by other substances and extraneous environmental factors. While an inference of impairment may be drawn solely from BAC, analysis of certain standard field sobriety tests (SFSTs) generally has been shown to be sensitive in ascertaining whether a driver is intoxicated. Both forensic BAC analysis and SFST, however, even when suggestive of alcohol-related impairment, are not specific for it. A DUI charge has significant occupational, legal, financial, and administrative ramifications, such that proper analysis is essential, not only to identify and deter the impaired but to protect the innocently accused.
BAC measurements implying impairment vary in different jurisdictions but generally have trended downward. Prosecutors, hard at work to deter and punish drunk drivers, are countered by a defense bar properly analyzing the probable cause necessary to detain a driver and subsequently administer the SFSTs in addition to the science behind the forensic alcohol analysis and any factors that might wrongfully convict the innocent. Various constitutional and statutory defenses are available on the criminal side, while more limited challenges can be made on the administrative side. Virtually all convicted offenders lose their license to operate a motor vehicle, at a minimum temporarily.
DUI arrests actually occur in a fairly small and predictable number of scenarios, each lending itself to different defenses and prosecutorial theories, the most serious being those involving death or serious injury. The pitfalls and subjectivity of SFST underscore the importance of reliable and reproducible forensic analysis, a typical DUI trial pitting the police and prosecutors attempting to validate each and every procedural step in the arrest, while the defense seeks to find a scintilla of reasonable doubt at those same steps. Whether procedural, statutory, constitutional, or forensic, every facet of the DUI arrest will be dissected.
DUI is a potentially life-changing experience, affecting the individual defendant and having broad impact on society as a whole. Education and avoidance, the lynchpins of curbing impaired driving, come only at a cost, with society’s jury still out on how best to implement deterrence and who will be responsible for paying for it.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Patrick CH. Alcohol, culture, and society. Durham: Duke University Press; 1952. Reprint edition by AMS Press, New York; 1970. p. 12–3.
Blum RH, Associates. Society and Drugs. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass; 1969. p. 25.
Lucia SP. A history of wine as therapy. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott; 1963. p. 216.
Smith CB. Program management B.C. In: Civil engineering magazine. June 1999. Available at http://www.ekt.bme.hu/CM-BSC-MSC/ProgramManagementBC.pdf.
Hucker CO. China’s imperial past. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1975. p. 25.
Fei-Peng Z. Drinking in China. The drinking and drug practice surveyor. 1982. No. 18. p. 12–5.
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario; 1961. p. 5.
Roueche B. The neutral spirit: a portrait of alcohol. Boston: Little Brown Publishing; 1963. p. 179.
Popham RE. The social history of the tavern. In: Israel Y, Glaser F, Kalant B, Harold P, Robert E, Schmidt W, Smart RG, editors. Research advances in alcohol and drug problems, vol. 4. New York: Plenum; 1978. p. 232–3.
Lutz HF. Viticulture and brewing in the ancient orient. New York: J. C. Heinrichs; 1922. p. 15–6.
Lucia SP. The antiquity of alcohol in diet and medicine. In: Lucia SP, editor. Alcohol and civilization. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1963. p. 36–44.
Austin GA. Alcohol in western society from antiquity to 1800: A chronological history. Santa Barbara: ABC – Clio; 1985. 23, 25, and 27.
Babor T. Alcohol: customs and rituals. New York: Chelsea House; 1986. p. 7.
Austin GA. Alcohol in western society from antiquity to 1800: A chronological history. Santa Barbara: ABC – Clio; 1985. 28, 32–33.
Austin GA. Alcohol in western society from antiquity to 1800: a chronological history. Santa Barbara: ABC – Clio; 1985. 44 and 47–48.
Babor T. Alcohol: customs and rituals. New York: Chelsea House; 1986. p. 11.
Blake PA. Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993;22(3):639–60.
Sournia J-C. A history of alcoholism. Boston: Blackwell; 1990. p. 21.
Darby WJ, Ghaliounqui P, Grivetti L. Food: the gift of Osiris. Vols. 1 and 2. London: Academic Press; 1977. p. 590.
Chafetz ME. Iquor: the servant of man. Boston: Little, Brown and Co; 1965. p. 223.
Man N. Attila. New York: Thomas Dunne Books; 2006. p. 264.
Ross HL, Joseph RG. Confronting drunk driving. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1994.
Girard J. Criminalistics: forensic science and crime. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning Series; 2008. p. 311.
Devine J. A brief history of DWI law at http://EzineArticles.com/1335561.
Carpenter C. How do zero tolerance drunk driving laws work? J Health Econ. 2004;23(1):61–83.
Levitt SD, Porter J. How dangerous are drinking drivers? J Pol Econ. 2001;109:1198.
Dept of Transportation (US), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic safety facts 2009: alcohol-impaired driving. Washington, DC: NHTSA; 2010.
Department of Justice (US), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Crime in the united states 2008: uniform crime reports. Washington, DC: FBI; 2010.
Shults RA, Beck L, Dellinger AM. Self-reported alcohol-impaired driving among adults in the United States, 2006 and 2008. Presented at: safety 2010 world conference; London. Sept 2010. p. 21–24.
Jones RK, Shinar D, Walsh JM. State of knowledge of drug-impaired driving. Dept of Transportation (US), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); 2003. Report DOT HS 809 642
Singer M, Brenner D. Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract. Basel: Karger AG; 2006. p. 91–156.
Watson RR, Watzl B. Nutrition and alcohol. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. p. 101–2.
Dubowski KM. Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol: highway safety aspects. J Stud Alcoh. 1985;10:98–108.
Quertemont E, Didone. Role of Acetaldehyde in Mediating the Pharmacological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol. Publication of National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism at http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh294/258-265.htm
Johansson B, Angelo HR, Christensen JK, Moller IW, Ronsted P. Dose-effect relationship of disulfiram in human volunteers. II: a study of the relation between the disulfiram-alcohol reaction and plasma concentrations of acetaldehyde, diethyldithiocarbamic acid methyl ester, and erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1991;68(3):166–70.
Agarwal D, Seitz H. Alcohol in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001.
Holroyd J. Breathalyser’s 20 per cent tolerance defended. Sydney Morning Herald. 16 May 2006.
U.S. Department of Transportation, N.H.T.S.A., US DOT HS 178 r10/95, DWI. Detection and standardized field sobriety testing, student manual, section VIII. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1995. p. 11.
Cole S, Nowaczyk R. Field sobriety tests: are they designed for failure?, Vol. 79. Perceptual and Motor Skills Journal. Missoula, MT; 1994. p. 99.
NHTSA. Student manual: DWI detection and standardized field sobriety testing. 2006. Available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/25384088/NHTSA-DWI-DUI-Field-Sobriety-Test-Student-Manual-2006-OCR.
Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Deferred prosecution of DUI cases in Washington state: evaluating the impact on recidivism. Aug 2007. Available at http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/rptfiles/07-08-1901.pdf
Cordell L. Baby, you can’t drive your car: a judge’s favorite punishment for drunken drivers-ignition-interlock. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2009/09/baby_you_cant_drive_your_car.html.
Burton M. SR-22 Insurance: what is it? When do you need it? How do you find it? Auto insurance tips. 24 June 2009 at http://www.autoinsurancetips.com//sr-22-insurance-what-do-you-need-how-do-you-find
Further Reading
Jolly DN. The drug DUI handbook. Colorado: Parker Co/ Outskirts Press; 2011.
Taylor L, Oberman S. Drunk driving defense. 6th ed. New York: Aspen; 2010.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Hinnant, C.W. (2013). Law and Science of Driving Under the Influence. In: Beran, R. (eds) Legal and Forensic Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32338-6_77
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32338-6_77
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-32337-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-32338-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences