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Chemical Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy

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Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Abstract

The Tutorial Lecture begins with a brief recapitulation of the hyperfine interactions and the relevant parameters observable in a Mössbauer spectrum. The main chapter with selected examples of chemical applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy follows and is subdivided into sections on: basic information on structure and bonding; switchable molecules (thermal spin transition in mono- and oligonuclear coordination compounds, light-induced spin transition, nuclear-decay-induced spin transition, spin transition in metallomesogens); mixed-valency in biferrocenes and other iron coordination compounds, and in an europium intermetallic compound; electron transfer in Prussian blue-analog complexes; molecule-based magnetism; industrial chemical problems like corrosion; application of a portable miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer for applications outside the laboratory and in space. The Lecture ends with concluding remarks and an outlook to future developments.

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Abbreviations

δ :

Isomer shift

ΔE Q :

Quadrupole splitting

ΔE M :

Magnetic splitting

EFG:

Electric field gradient

B c :

Fermi contact field

B D :

Spin dipolar field

eQ :

Quadrupole moment

β N :

Nuclear Bohr magneton

g N :

Nuclear Landé factor

g :

Landé splitting factor

H eff :

Effective hyperfine field

H ext :

External field

HS:

High-spin

LS:

Low-spin

SCO:

Spin crossover

ST:

Spin transition

LIESST:

Light induced excited spin state trapping

NIESST:

Nuclear decay-induced excited spin state trapping

ZFS:

Zero-field splitting

AF:

Antiferromagnetic

T 1/2 :

Transition temperature

LC:

Liquid-crystal

1D:

One-dimensional

EXAFS:

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

TGA:

Thermo-gravimetric analysis

MAS:

Mössbauer absorption spectroscopy

MES:

Mössbauer emission spectroscopy

MIMOS:

Miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer

APXS:

Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer

MER:

Mars exploration rover

RAT:

Rock abrasion tool

NFS:

Nuclear forward scattering

NIS:

Nuclear inelastic scattering

PDOS:

Partial density of states

ptz:

1-propyl-tetrazole

mtz:

1-methyl-tetrazole

phen:

1,10-phenanthroline

phdia:

4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-diamine

bpym:

Bipyrimidine

pmatrz:

4-amino-3,5-bis{[(2-pyridyl-methyl)amino]methyl}-4H-1,2,4-triazole

iptrz:

4-isopropyl-1,2,4-triazole

hyetrz:

4-(2′-hydroxy-ethyl)-1,2,4-triazole

C10-tba:

3,5-bis(decyloxy)-N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzamide

C12-tba:

3,5-bis(dodecyloxy)-N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzamide

Cn-tba:

3,5-bis(alkoxy)-N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzamide

TB-LMTO-ASA:

Tight-binding linear Muffin-Tin Orbital atomic-sphere approximation

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie and the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) for financial support.

Dedicated to Professor Wolfgang Kaim on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany

    Philipp Gütlich

  2. Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, MOST-Inorganic Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Yann Garcia

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute, Toyosawa 2200-2, Fukuroi, 437-8555, Japan

    Yutaka Yoshida

  2. Physics Department, Institute for Nuclear and Rad. Physics, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium

    Guido Langouche

Message to the Next Generation

Message to the Next Generation

Looking back over nearly five decades of working with Mössbauer spectroscopy in combination with other physical methods for characterizing inorganic compounds, mainly those exhibiting electronic structure phenomena, I can now state with great satisfaction that it was an excellent decision to learn Mössbauer spectroscopy and apply it as a “forefront tool” in our research projects. I had first learned about it as a young postdoctoral fellow at Brookhaven National Laboratory in USA in the early sixties, shortly after the discovery of the “recoilless nuclear resonance absorption” by the young german physicist Rudolf L. Mössbauer, who made this magnificent discovery while he was working on his doctoral thesis at the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg. Rudolf Mössbauer was only 32 years old when he received the Nobel in Physics in 1961. It was very fortunate for me to be accepted in a team of excellent physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory, who had concentrated on applying the Mössbauer effect to characterize inorganic compounds and alloys by measuring the hyperfine interactions. It soon became clear that Mössbauer’s unique discovery would develop rapidly to a powerful spectroscopic tool in materials science. Now, nearly five decades later, close to 100,000 published reports dealing with Mössbauer spectroscopy, many textbooks, and more than fifty international conferences, symposia and workshops held so far bear testimony to the firm establishment of this nuclear spectroscopic technique in various branches of solid state research, spreading over physics, chemistry, biology, earth- and geoscience, archaeology and industrial applications. Professor Mössbauer was an excellent speaker, and everybody was fascinated when he spoke about the experiments for his doctoral thesis that led him to the discovery of recoilless nuclear resonance absorption. Also, in many unforgettable personal conversations with him I had the pleasure to learn about details concerning his work. Such occasions never ended without discussions about piano music.

During the many years of my teaching spectroscopy in chemistry and physics, Mössbauer spectroscopy has always been my favourite for several reasons: The students become familiar with fundamental aspects on solid state and experimental physics, cry physics, quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to name a few. I consider it therefore highly recommendable, even necessary, that Mössbauer spectroscopy and relevant neighbouring fields are always part of the education in physics and chemistry.

Mössbauer spectroscopy has undoubtedly established as an elegant and versatile tool in materials science, mostly in conjunction with other physical techniques in order to reach deeper and more conclusive information in certain studies, but also in cases where certain problems could not be solved with other techniques. Quo vadis, Mössbauer effect research? Two outstanding developments have opened new pathways in Mössbauer spectroscopy and will definitely play a remarkable role in future: Without quality ranking, (1) the instrumental progress regarding the miniaturization of a Mössbauer spectrometer (MIMOS), and (2) the use of synchrotron radiation for observing nuclear resonance fluorescence. MIMOS has most spectacularly demonstrated its usefulness for extraterrestrial studies, viz. the NASA missions to the planet Mars. There are, of course, also hundreds of possibilities to use it on earth in mobile analytical studies outside the laboratory. A real breakthrough in Mössbauer spectroscopy research was initiated by E. Gerdau et al. in 1985 who proposed an unconventional Mössbauer technique based on the possibility to use synchrotron radiation to observe nuclear resonance. Nuclear forward scattering (NFS) allows to study hyperfine interactions, as obtained with conventional Mössbauer spectroscopy; nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) allows to investigate local phonon spectra (partial density of states, PDOS) at the Mössbauer probe nucleus. Compared, for instance, to Raman spectroscopy, NIS can achieve a higher resolution without perturbation of surrounding vibrations. Both synchrotron radiation techniques, NFS and NIS, are certainly on their way to a great future.

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Gütlich, P., Garcia, Y. (2013). Chemical Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy. In: Yoshida, Y., Langouche, G. (eds) Mössbauer Spectroscopy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32220-4_2

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