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Oxidation of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds as an Energy Source

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The Prokaryotes

Abstract

This chapter covers one of the microbiological steps of the nitrogen cycle, nitrification, which is the biological oxidation of reduced forms of inorganic nitrogen to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrifying bacteria use the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds as their major energy source. Reactions are catalyzed by two physiological groups of bacteria: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, which gain energy from oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, which thrive by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate. Because of the toxic nature of nitrite, its rapid conversion to nitrate, assimilated by plants and microorganisms, is essential. Ammonia oxidizers are lithoautotrophic organisms using carbon dioxide as the main carbon source; ammonia monooxygenase oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine, which is converted to nitrite by the hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. When grown lithotrophically with nitrite, nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by the nitrite oxidoreductase and the oxygen atom in the nitrate molecule is derived from water. The enzyme also reduces nitrite to nitrate when Nitrobacter strains are grown heterotrophically in the presence of nitrate. Detailed schemes for electron flow and energy transduction as well as energy generation schemes are outlined and the role of nitrifying bacteria in the environment highlighted. The two groups of nitrifying bacteria are phylogenetically unrelated, as they are found in different classes of Proteobacteria and members of the nitrite oxidizers are even found in different phyla. This chapter also covers the physiology and phylogeny of recently detected anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing deep-branching members of the phylum Planctomycetes and of Nitrosomonas eutropha.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of General Botany, Department of Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Eberhard Bock

  2. Department of Microbial Ecology, Faculty Center of Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Michael Wagner

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  1. Eberhard Bock
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  2. Michael Wagner
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  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  4. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  5. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

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Bock, E., Wagner, M. (2013). Oxidation of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds as an Energy Source. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30141-4_64

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