Abstract
Phytochemicals, which are naturally according compounds in plant foods, are reported to provide various biological functions in humans. In particular, plant pigment phytochemicals, carotenoids and flavonoids, are the most extensively studied phytochemicals for their antioxidant functions as well as potential preventive medicinal benefits such as maintaining inflammation balance, reducing the risk of certain cancers, and promoting cardiovascular, neurocognitive, eye, and bone health in humans. The plant pigment phytochemical content in plants can vary according to but not limited to the varieties, genotypes, culture conditions, maturity, storage conditions, and thermal processing. In addition, their bioavailability in humans can be affected by various factors such as food matrix, structure, interactions with other nutrients, site of absorption, and their metabolism. Currently proposed biological functions of plant pigment phytochmicals in humans and various factors affecting such functions are discussed in this review.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbey EL, Rankin JW (2011) Effect of quercetin supplementation on repeated-sprint performance, xanthine oxidase activity, and inflammation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 21(2):91–96
Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, Freedman LS, Haapakoski J et al (1996) Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(21):1560–1570
Arabbi PR, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM (2004) Flavonoids in vegetable foods commonly consumed in Brazil and estimated ingestion by the Brazilian population. J Agric Food Chem 52(5):1124–1131
Armstrong B, Doll R (1975) Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 15(4):617–631
Arscott SA, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA (2010) Anthocyanins in purple-orange carrots (Daucus carota L.) do not influence the bioavailability of beta-carotene in young women. J Agric Food Chem 58(5):2877–2881
Arts IC, Jacobs DR Jr, Gross M, Harnack LJ, Folsom AR (2002) Dietary catechins and cancer incidence among postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 13(4):373–382
Astley SB, Elliott RM, Archer DB, Southon S (2004) Evidence that dietary supplementation with carotenoids and carotenoid-rich foods modulates the DNA damage: repair balance in human lymphocytes. Br J Nutr 91(1):63–72
Aziz AA, Edwards CA, Lean ME, Crozier A (1998) Absorption and excretion of conjugated flavonols, including quercetin-4'-O-beta-glucoside and isorhamnetin-4'-O-beta-glucoside by human volunteers after the consumption of onions. Free Radic Res 29(3):257–269
Basu A, Du M, Sanchez K, Leyva MJ, Betts NM, Blevins S, Wu M, Aston CE, Lyons TJ (2011) Green tea minimally affects biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 27(2):206–213
Batieha AM, Armenian HK, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Spate VE, Comstock GW (1993) Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of cervical cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2(4):335–339
Benzie IF (2000) Evolution of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Eur J Nutr 39(2):53–61
Blomstrand R, Werner B (1967) Studies on the intestinal absorption of radioactive beta-carotene and vitamin A in man. Conversion of beta-carotene into vitamin A. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19(4):339–345
Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, Twaroska EE (2001) Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42(1):235–240
Bowen P, Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Sharifi R, Ghosh L, Kim HS, Christov-Tzelkov K, van Breemen R (2002) Tomato sauce supplementation and prostate cancer: lycopene accumulation and modulation of biomarkers of carcinogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227(10):886–893
Briviba K, Bub A, Moseneder J, Schwerdtle T, Hartwig A, Kulling S, Watzl B (2008) No differences in DNA damage and antioxidant capacity between intervention groups of healthy, nonsmoking men receiving 2, 5, or 8 servings/day of vegetables and fruit. Nutr Cancer 60(2):164–170
Bub A, Watzl B, Blockhaus M, Briviba K, Liegibel U, Muller H, Pool-Zobel BL, Rechkemmer G (2003) Fruit juice consumption modulates antioxidative status, immune status and DNA damage. J Nutr Biochem 14(2):90–98
Burri BJ, Chang JS, Neidlinger TR (2011) beta-Cryptoxanthin- and alpha-carotene-rich foods have greater apparent bioavailability than beta-carotene-rich foods in Western diets. Br J Nutr 105(2):212–219
Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H (2004) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci 74(17):2157–2184
Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo Hidalgo MJ (2011) Isoflavones: effects on bone health. Climacteric 14(2):204–211
Castenmiller JJ, West CE (1998) Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Annu Rev Nutr 18:19–38
Castenmiller JJ, West CE, Linssen JP, van het Hof KH, Voragen AG (1999) The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. J Nutr 129(2):349–355
Cavet ME, Harrington KL, Vollmer TR, Ward KW, Zhang JZ (2011) Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate in human corneal epithelial cells. Mol Vis 17:533–542
Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Sharifi R, Ghosh L, van Breemen R, Ashton D, Bowen PE (2001) Oxidative DNA damage in prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce-based entrees as a whole-food intervention. J Natl Cancer Inst 93(24):1872–1879
Christen WG, Liu S, Glynn RJ, Gaziano JM, Buring JE (2008) Dietary carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of cataract in women: a prospective study. Arch Ophthalmol 126(1):102–109
Chuang CC, Shen W, Chen H, Xie G, Jia W, Chung S, McIntosh MK (2012) Differential effects of grape powder and its extract on glucose tolerance and chronic inflammation in high-fat-fed obese mice. J Agric Food Chem 60(51):12458–12468
Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ, Bostwick DG, Williams AW, Moore BJ, Erdman JW Jr (1996) cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5(10):823–833
Collins AR, Olmedilla B, Southon S, Granado F, Duthie SJ (1998) Serum carotenoids and oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 19(12):2159–2162
Correa CR, Li L, Aldini G, Carini M, Chen C-YO, Chun H-K, Cho S-M, Park K-M, Blumberg JB, Yeum K-J (2010) Composition and stability of phytochemicals in five variaties of black soybeans (Glycine max). Food Chem 123:1176–1184
Cuevas AM, Guasch V, Castillo O, Irribarra V, Mizon C, San Martin A, Strobel P, Perez D, Germain AM, Leighton F (2000) A high-fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers. Lipids 35(2):143–148
Demirbag R, Yilmaz R, Kocyigit A (2005) Relationship between DNA damage, total antioxidant capacity and coronary artery disease. Mutat Res 570(2):197–203
Dherani M, Murthy GV, Gupta SK, Young IS, Maraini G, Camparini M, Price GM, John N, Chakravarthy U, Fletcher AE (2008) Blood levels of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North Indian population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(8):3328–3335
Dimitrov NV, Meyer C, Ullrey DE, Chenoweth W, Michelakis A, Malone W, Boone C, Fink G (1988) Bioavailability of beta-carotene in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 48(2):298–304
Dixon ZR, Shie FS, Warden BA, Burri BJ, Neidlinger TR (1998) The effect of a low carotenoid diet on malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid (MDA-TBA) concentrations in women: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Am Coll Nutr 17(1):54–58
Druesne-Pecollo N, Latino-Martel P, Norat T, Barrandon E, Bertrais S, Galan P, Hercberg S (2010) Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cancer 127(1):172–184
Dusinska M, Vallova B, Ursinyova M, Hladikova V, Smolkova B, Wsolova L, Raslova K, Collins AR (2002) DNA damage and antioxidants; fluctuations through the year in a central European population group. Food Chem Toxicol 40(8):1119–1123
Duthie SJ (2011) Epigenetic modifications and human pathologies: cancer and CVD. Proc Nutr Soc 70(1):47–56
Erlund I, Kosonen T, Alfthan G, Maenpaa J, Perttunen K, Kenraali J, Parantainen J, Aro A (2000) Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56(8):545–553
Estruch R, Sacanella E, Mota F, Chiva-Blanch G, Antunez E, Casals E, Deulofeu R, Rotilio D, Andres-Lacueva C, Lamuela-Raventos RM et al (2011) Moderate consumption of red wine, but not gin, decreases erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity: a randomised cross-over trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 21(1):46–53
Faridi Z, Njike VY, Dutta S, Ali A, Katz DL (2008) Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):58–63
Fassett RG, Coombes JS (2011) Astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. Mar Drugs 9(3):447–465
Food and Nutrition Board IoM (2000) Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, 486 p
Freedman JE, Parker C 3rd, Li L, Perlman JA, Frei B, Ivanov V, Deak LR, Iafrati MD, Folts JD (2001) Select flavonoids and whole juice from purple grapes inhibit platelet function and enhance nitric oxide release. Circulation 103(23):2792–2798
Gate L, Paul J, Ba GN, Tew KD, Tapiero H (1999) Oxidative stress induced in pathologies: the role of antioxidants. Biomed Pharmacother 53(4):169–180
Geleijnse JM, Hollman P (2008) Flavonoids and cardiovascular health: which compounds, what mechanisms? Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):12–13
George TW, Waroonphan S, Niwat C, Gordon MH, Lovegrove JA (2013) Effects of acute consumption of a fruit and vegetable puree-based drink on vasodilation and oxidative status. Br J Nutr 109(8):1442–1452
Giovannelli L, Pitozzi V, Luceri C, Giannini L, Toti S, Salvini S, Sera F, Souquet JM, Cheynier V, Sofi F et al (2011) Effects of de-alcoholised wines with different polyphenol content on DNA oxidative damage, gene expression of peripheral lymphocytes, and haemorheology: an intervention study in post-menopausal women. Eur J Nutr 50(1):19–29
Gonzalez R, Ballester I, Lopez-Posadas R, Suarez MD, Zarzuelo A, Martinez-Augustin O, Sanchez de Medina F (2011) Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 51(4):331–362
Goodman DS, Blomstrand R, Werner B, Huang HS, Shiratori T (1966) The intestinal absorption and metabolism of vitamin A and beta-carotene in man. J Clin Invest 45(10):1615–1623
Graefe EU, Wittig J, Mueller S, Riethling AK, Uehleke B, Drewelow B, Pforte H, Jacobasch G, Derendorf H, Veit M (2001) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 41(5):492–499
Gresele P, Cerletti C, Guglielmini G, Pignatelli P, de Gaetano G, Violi F (2011) Effects of resveratrol and other wine polyphenols on vascular function: an update. J Nutr Biochem 22(3):201–211
Guil-Guerrero JL, Ramos-Bueno R, Rodriguez-Garcia I, Lopez-Sanchez C (2011) Cytotoxicity screening of several tomato extracts. J Med Food 14(1–2):40–45
Hammond BR Jr, Curran-Celentano J, Judd S, Fuld K, Krinsky NI, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM (1996) Sex differences in macular pigment optical density: relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns. Vision Res 36(13):2001–2012
Handelman GJ, Dratz EA, Reay CC, van Kuijk JG (1988) Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29(6):850–855
Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC (1992) Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 305(6849):335–339
Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ (2002) Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J Nutr Biochem 13(10):572–584
Heiss C, Dejam A, Kleinbongard P, Schewe T, Sies H, Kelm M (2003) Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA 290(8):1030–1031
Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E, Druesne-Pecollo N, Touvier M, Favier A, Latino-Martel P, Briancon S, Galan P (2010) Incidence of cancers, ischemic cardiovascular diseases and mortality during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and minerals supplements: a postintervention follow-up in the SU.VI.MAX Study. Int J Cancer 127(8):1875–1881
Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D (1994) Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study. Nutr Cancer 22(2):175–184
Hidalgo M, Oruna-Concha MJ, Kolida S, Walton GE, Kallithraka S, Spencer JP, de Pascual-Teresa S (2012) Metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora and their influence on gut bacterial growth. J Agric Food Chem 60(15):3882–3890
Hininger IA, Meyer-Wenger A, Moser U, Wright A, Southon S, Thurnham D, Chopra M, Van Den Berg H, Olmedilla B, Favier AE et al (2001) No significant effects of lutein, lycopene or beta-carotene supplementation on biological markers of oxidative stress and LDL oxidizability in healthy adult subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 20(3):232–238
Holden JM, Eldridge AL, Beecher GR, Buzzard M, Bhagwat S, Davis CS, Douglass LW, Gebhardt S, Haytowitz D, Schakel S (1999) Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of database. J Food Compos Anal 12:169–196
Hollander D, Ruble PE Jr (1978) Beta-carotene intestinal absorption: bile, fatty acid, pH, and flow rate effects on transport. Am J Physiol 235(6):E686–E691
Hollman PC, de Vries JH, van Leeuwen SD, Mengelers MJ, Katan MB (1995) Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6):1276–1282
Hollman PC, van Trijp JM, Buysman MN, van der Gaag MS, Mengelers MJ, de Vries JH, Katan MB (1997) Relative bioavailability of the antioxidant flavonoid quercetin from various foods in man. FEBS Lett 418(1–2):152–156
Hollman PC, vd Gaag M, Mengelers MJ, van Trijp JM, de Vries JH, Katan MB (1996) Absorption and disposition kinetics of the dietary antioxidant quercetin in man. Free Radic Biol Med 21(5):703–707
Honest KN, Zhang HW, Zhang L (2011) Lycopene: Isomerization effects on bioavailability and bioactivity properties. Food Rev Int 27:248–258
Hooper L, Kroon PA, Rimm EB, Cohn JS, Harvey I, Le Cornu KA, Ryder JJ, Hall WL, Cassidy A (2008) Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):38–50
Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett WC et al (2001) Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009–1019
Jayarajan P, Reddy V, Mohanram M (1980) Effect of dietary fat on absorption of beta carotene from green leafy vegetables in children. Indian J Med Res 71:53–56
Jia Z, Song Z, Zhao Y, Wang X, Liu P (2011) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects human lens epithelial cells from oxidative stress via reducing NF-small ka, CyrillicB and MAPK protein expression. Mol Vis 17:210–217
Jin Y, Cui X, Singh UP, Chumanevich AA, Harmon B, Cavicchia P, Hofseth AB, Kotakadi V, Stroud B, Volate SR et al (2010) Systemic inflammatory load in humans is suppressed by consumption of two formulations of dried, encapsulated juice concentrate. Mol Nutr Food Res 54(10):1506–1514
Johnston CS, Taylor CA, Hampl JS (2000) More Americans are eating “5 a day” but intakes of dark green and cruciferous vegetables remain low. J Nutr 130(12):3063–3067
Jomova K, Valko M (2011) Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology 283(2–3):65–87
Kalt W, Hanneken A, Milbury P, Tremblay F (2010) Recent research on polyphenolics in vision and eye health. J Agric Food Chem 58(7):4001–4007
Kaspar KL, Park JS, Brown CR, Mathison BD, Navarre DA, Chew BP (2011) Pigmented potato consumption alters oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in men. J Nutr 141(1):108–111
Katiyar SK, Afaq F, Perez A, Mukhtar H (2001) Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 22(2):287–294
Keevil JG, Osman HE, Reed JD, Folts JD (2000) Grape juice, but not orange juice or grapefruit juice, inhibits human platelet aggregation. J Nutr 130(1):53–56
Kevers C, Falkowski M, Tabart J, Defraigne JO, Dommes J, Pincemail J (2007) Evolution of antioxidant capacity during storage of selected fruits and vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 55(21):8596–8603
Key TJ (2011) Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 104(1):6–11
Kim J, Kim MK, Lee JK, Kim JH, Son SK, Song ES, Lee KB, Lee JP, Lee JM, Yun YM (2010) Intakes of vitamin A, C, and E, and beta-carotene are associated with risk of cervical cancer: a case-control study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 62(2):181–189
Knekt P, Kumpulainen J, Jarvinen R, Rissanen H, Heliovaara M, Reunanen A, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A (2002) Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 76(3):560–568
Kometani T, Fukuda T, Kakuma T, Kawaguchi K, Tamura W, Kumazawa Y, Nagata K (2008) Effects of alpha-glucosylhesperidin, a bioactive food material, on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 30(1):117–134
Kumar V, Rani A, Dixit AK, Bhatnagar D, Chauhan GS (2009) Relative changes in tocopherols, isoflavones, total phenolic content, and antioxidative activity in soybean seeds at different reproductive stages. J Agric Food Chem 57(7):2705–2710
Kuriyama S, Shimazu T, Ohmori K, Kikuchi N, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I (2006) Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study. JAMA 296(10):1255–1265
Landrum JT, Bone RA (2001) Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys 385(1):28–40
Le Marchand L, Murphy SP, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN (2000) Intake of flavonoids and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(2):154–160
Lee A, Thurnham DI, Chopra M (2000) Consumption of tomato products with olive oil but not sunflower oil increases the antioxidant activity of plasma. Free Radic Biol Med 29(10):1051–1055
Lenucci MS, Cadinu D, Taurino M, Piro G, Dalessandro G (2006) Antioxidant composition in cherry and high-pigment tomato cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 54(7):2606–2613
Li L, Aldini G, Carini M, Chen C-YO, Chun H-K, Cho S-M, Park K-M, Correa CR, Russel RM, Blumberg JB et al (2009) Characterisation, extraction efficiency, stability and antioxidant activity of phytonutrients in Angelica keiskei. Food Chem 115(1):227–232
Li L, Chen CY, Aldini G, Johnson EJ, Rasmussen H, Yoshida Y, Niki E, Blumberg JB, Russell RM, Yeum KJ (2010) Supplementation with lutein or lutein plus green tea extracts does not change oxidative stress in adequately nourished older adults. J Nutr Biochem 21(6):544–549
Liu S, Lee IM, Ajani U, Cole SR, Buring JE, Manson JE (2001) Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 30(1):130–135
Majumdar S, Srirangam R (2010) Potential of the bioflavonoids in the prevention/treatment of ocular disorders. J Pharm Pharmacol 62(8):951–965
Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C (2005) Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81(1 Suppl):230S–242S
Mandel SA, Amit T, Weinreb O, Youdim MB (2011) Understanding the broad-spectrum neuroprotective action profile of green tea polyphenols in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 25(2):187–208
Mangels AR, Block G, Frey CM, Patterson BH, Taylor PR, Norkus EP, Levander OA (1993) The bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid from oranges, orange juice and cooked broccoli is similar to that of synthetic ascorbic acid. J Nutr 123(6):1054–1061
Maskarinec G, Verheus M, Steinberg FM, Amato P, Cramer MK, Lewis RD, Murray MJ, Young RL, Wong WW (2009) Various doses of soy isoflavones do not modify mammographic density in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 139(5):981–986
Micozzi MS, Beecher GR, Taylor PR, Khachik F (1990) Carotenoid analyses of selected raw and cooked foods associated with a lower risk for cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 82(4):282–285
Moller P, Vogel U, Pedersen A, Dragsted LO, Sandstrom B, Loft S (2003) No effect of 600 grams fruit and vegetables per day on oxidative DNA damage and repair in healthy nonsmokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(10):1016–1022
Mordente A, Guantario B, Meucci E, Silvestrini A, Lombardi E, Martorana GE, Giardina B, Bohm V (2011) Lycopene and cardiovascular diseases: an update. Curr Med Chem 18(8):1146–1163
Muthenna P, Akileshwari C, Saraswat M, Bhanuprakash Reddy G (2012) Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation on eye lens protein by rutin. Br J Nutr 107:941–949
Namitha KK, Negi PS (2010) Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50(8):728–760
Neuhouser ML (2004) Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk: evidence from human population studies. Nutr Cancer 50(1):1–7
Neveu V, Perez-Jimenez J, Vos F, Crespy V, du Chaffaut L, Mennen L, Knox C, Eisner R, Cruz J, Wishart D et al. (2010) Phenol-explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods. Database (Oxford) 2010:bap024
Nisha P, Abdul Nazar P, Jayamurthy P (2009) A comparative study on antioxidant activities of different varieties of Solanum melongena. Food Chem Toxicol 47(10):2640–2644
Nutrient Data Laboratory FCL, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS-USDA (2004) USDA database for the proanthocyanidin content of selected foods
Nutrient Data Laboratory FCL, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS-USDA (2007) USDA database for the flavonoid content of selected foods -Release 2.1
Nutrient Data Laboratory FCL, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS-USDA. (2008) USDA database for the isoflavone content of selected foods-Release 2.0
O'Reilly JD, Mallet AI, McAnlis GT, Young IS, Halliwell B, Sanders TA, Wiseman H (2001) Consumption of flavonoids in onions and black tea: lack of effect on F2-isoprostanes and autoantibodies to oxidized LDL in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 73(6):1040–1044
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL Jr, Valanis B, Williams JH Jr et al (1996) Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(21):1550–1559
Palyvoda O, Polanska J, Wygoda A, Rzeszowska-Wolny J (2003) DNA damage and repair in lymphocytes of normal individuals and cancer patients: studies by the comet assay and micronucleus tests. Acta Biochim Pol 50(1):181–190
Park YK, Park E, Kim JS, Kang MH (2003) Daily grape juice consumption reduces oxidative DNA damage and plasma free radical levels in healthy Koreans. Mutat Res 529(1–2):77–86
Parker RS (1996) Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids. FASEB J 10(5):542–551
Parker RS (1997) Bioavailability of carotenoids. Eur J Clin Nutr 51(Suppl 1):S86–S90
Parker RS, Swanson JE, You CS, Edwards AJ, Huang T (1999) Bioavailability of carotenoids in human subjects. Proc Nutr Soc 58(1):155–162
Perez-Jimenez J, Neveu V, Vos F, Scalbert A (2010a) Identification of the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the Phenol-Explorer database. Eur J Clin Nutr 64(Suppl 3):S112–S120
Perez-Jimenez J, Neveu V, Vos F, Scalbert A (2010b) Systematic analysis of the content of 502 polyphenols in 452 foods and beverages: an application of the phenol-explorer database. J Agric Food Chem 58(8):4959–4969
Pool-Zobel BL, Bub A, Muller H, Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G (1997) Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods. Carcinogenesis 18(9):1847–1850
Porrini M, Riso P (2000) Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J Nutr 130(2):189–192
Porrini M, Riso P, Brusamolino A, Berti C, Guarnieri S, Visioli F (2005) Daily intake of a formulated tomato drink affects carotenoid plasma and lymphocyte concentrations and improves cellular antioxidant protection. Br J Nutr 93(1):93–99
Porrini M, Riso P, Oriani G (2002) Spinach and tomato consumption increases lymphocyte DNA resistance to oxidative stress but this is not related to cell carotenoid concentrations. Eur J Nutr 41(3):95–100
Putter M, Grotemeyer KH, Wurthwein G, Araghi-Niknam M, Watson RR, Hosseini S, Rohdewald P (1999) Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and pycnogenol. Thromb Res 95(4):155–161
Riso P, Pinder A, Santangelo A, Porrini M (1999) Does tomato consumption effectively increase the resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage? Am J Clin Nutr 69(4):712–718
Riso P, Visioli F, Gardana C, Grande S, Brusamolino A, Galvano F, Galvano G, Porrini M (2005) Effects of blood orange juice intake on antioxidant bioavailability and on different markers related to oxidative stress. J Agric Food Chem 53(4):941–947
Rodrigo R, Miranda A, Vergara L (2011) Modulation of endogenous antioxidant system by wine polyphenols in human disease. Clin Chim Acta 412(5–6):410–424
Rodriguez MS, Irwin MI (1972) A conspectus of research on vitamin A requirements of man. J Nutr 102(7):909–968
Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB (2000) Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 71(5):1187–1193
Rubin LP, Chan GM, Barrett-Reis BM, Fulton AB, Hansen RM, Ashmeade TL, Oliver JS, Mackey AD, Dimmit RA, Hartmann EE et al (2012) Effect of carotenoid supplementation on plasma carotenoids, inflammation and visual development in preterm infants. J Perinatol 32(6):418–424
Sanchez P, Penarroja R, Gallegos F, Bravo JL, Rojas E, Benitez-Bribiesca L (2004) DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes of untreated breast cancer patients. Arch Med Res 35(6):480–483
Sasazuki S, Kodama H, Yoshimasu K, Liu Y, Washio M, Tanaka K, Tokunaga S, Kono S, Arai H, Doi Y et al (2000) Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol 10(6):401–408
Scalbert A, Williamson G (2000) Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr 130(8S Suppl):2073S–2085S
Schwarz S, Obermuller-Jevic UC, Hellmis E, Koch W, Jacobi G, Biesalski HK (2008) Lycopene inhibits disease progression in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. J Nutr 138(1):49–53
Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J, Miller DT et al (1994) Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA 272(18):1413–1420
Shaik YB, Castellani ML, Perrella A, Conti F, Salini V, Tete S, Madhappan B, Vecchiet J, De Lutiis MA, Caraffa A et al (2006) Role of quercetin (a natural herbal compound) in allergy and inflammation. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 20(3–4):47–52
Shardell MD, Alley DE, Hicks GE, El-Kamary SS, Miller RR, Semba RD, Ferrucci L (2011) Low-serum carotenoid concentrations and carotenoid interactions predict mortality in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res 31(3):178–189
Siddiqui IA, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Adhami VM, Tarapore RS, Mukhtar H (2011) Green tea polyphenol EGCG blunts androgen receptor function in prostate cancer. FASEB J 25(4):1198–1207
Smith TR, Miller MS, Lohman KK, Case LD, Hu JJ (2003) DNA damage and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 24(5):883–889
Stahl W, Sies H (1992) Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans. J Nutr 122(11):2161–2166
Stefek M (2011) Natural flavonoids as potential multifunctional agents in prevention of diabetic cataract. Interdiscip Toxicol 4(2):69–77
Steinberg FM, Murray MJ, Lewis RD, Cramer MA, Amato P, Young RL, Barnes S, Konzelmann KL, Fischer JG, Ellis KJ et al (2011) Clinical outcomes of a 2-y soy isoflavone supplementation in menopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 93(2):356–367
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD (1991) Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 2(6):427–442
Suri S, Liu XH, Rayment S, Hughes DA, Kroon PA, Needs PW, Taylor MA, Tribolo S, Wilson VG (2010) Quercetin and its major metabolites selectively modulate cyclic GMP-dependent relaxations and associated tolerance in pig isolated coronary artery. Br J Pharmacol 159(3):566–575
Svelander CA, Tiback EA, Ahrne LM, Langton MI, Svanberg US, Alminger MA (2010) Processing of tomato: impact on in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene and textural properties. J Sci Food Agric 90(10):1665–1672
Temple NJ (2000) Antioxidants and disease: more questions than answers. Nut Res 20(3):449–459
Thompson HJ, Heimendinger J, Haegele A, Sedlacek SM, Gillette C, O'Neill C, Wolfe P, Conry C (1999) Effect of increased vegetable and fruit consumption on markers of oxidative cellular damage. Carcinogenesis 20(12):2261–2266
Torbergsen AC, Collins AR (2000) Recovery of human lymphocytes from oxidative DNA damage; the apparent enhancement of DNA repair by carotenoids is probably simply an antioxidant effect. Eur J Nutr 39(2):80–85
Unno T, Kondo K, Itakura H, Takeo T (1996) Analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60(12):2066–2068
van Duynhoven J, Vaughan EE, Jacobs DM, Kemperman RA, van Velzen EJ, Gross G, Roger LC, Possemiers S, Smilde AK, Dore J et al (2011) Metabolic fate of polyphenols in the human superorganism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(Suppl 1):4531–4538
van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, Haddeman E, Steegers-Theunissen RP, van Dusseldorp M, Weststrate JA, Eskes TK, Hautvast JG (1999) Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 70(2):261–268
van Vliet T (1996) Absorption of beta-carotene and other carotenoids in humans and animal models. Eur J Clin Nutr 50(Suppl 3):S32–S37
Visioli F, Riso P, Grande S, Galli C, Porrini M (2003) Protective activity of tomato products on in vivo markers of lipid oxidation. Eur J Nutr 42(4):201–206
Wang SY, Chen CT, Sciarappa W, Wang CY, Camp MJ (2008) Fruit quality, antioxidant capacity, and flavonoid content of organically and conventionally grown blueberries. J Agric Food Chem 56(14):5788–5794
Willett WC (2002) Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science 296(5568):695–698
Williams CD, Satia JA, Adair LS, Stevens J, Galanko J, Keku TO, Sandler RS (2010) Antioxidant and DNA methylation-related nutrients and risk of distal colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control 21(8):1171–1181
Wong WW, Lewis RD, Steinberg FM, Murray MJ, Cramer MA, Amato P, Young RL, Barnes S, Ellis KJ, Shypailo RJ et al (2009) Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 90(5):1433–1439
Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R et al (2011) Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334:105–108
Wu TH, Liao JH, Hou WC, Huang FY, Maher TJ, Hu CC (2006) Astaxanthin protects against oxidative stress and calcium-induced porcine lens protein degradation. J Agric Food Chem 54(6):2418–2423
Xu B, Chang SK (2008) Total phenolics, phenolic acids, isoflavones, and anthocyanins and antioxidant properties of yellow and black soybeans as affected by thermal processing. J Agric Food Chem 56(16):7165–7175
Yeum K-J, Aldini G, Johnson EJ, Russell RM, Krinsky NI (2005) Effect of feeding and then depleting a high fruit and vegetable diet on oxidizability in human serum. AOCS Press, Champaign, pp 1–350
Yeum KJ, Booth SL, Sadowski JA, Liu C, Tang G, Krinsky NI, Russell RM (1996) Human plasma carotenoid response to the ingestion of controlled diets high in fruits and vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr 64(4):594–602
Yeum KJ, Russell RM (2002) Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Annu Rev Nutr 22:483–504
Zhang P, Omaye ST (2001) Antioxidant and prooxidant roles for beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in human lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 15(1):13–24
Zhao X, Aldini G, Johnson EJ, Rasmussen H, Kraemer K, Woolf H, RMusaeus N, Krinsky NI, Russell RM, Yeum K-J (2006) Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 83:163–169
Zhou Y, Alekel DL, Dixon PM, Messina M, Reddy MB (2011) The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20(5):771–780
Zuniga KE, Erdman JW Jr (2011) Combined consumption of soy germ and tomato powders results in altered isoflavone and carotenoid bioavailability in rats. J Agric Food Chem 59(10):5335–5341
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Yeum, KJ., Russell, R.M. (2014). Biological Functions of Plant Pigment Phytochemicals in Humans. In: Laher, I. (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_161
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_161
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-30017-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-30018-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences