Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optical Fibres

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fibre Optic Communication

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 161))

Abstract

The chapter starts with the fundamentals of light propagation in optical fibers, followed by the essentials of fiber fabrication. Subsequent sections focus on typical loss and dispersion characteristics of single- and multimode fibers including relevant information on standardization. The basic elements of fiber cables for various applications constitute another topic followed by new developments such as microstructured and Bragg fibers, hybrid devices combining glass fibers and semiconductors, and multicore and multimode fibers as well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. C.K. Kao, G.A. Hockham, Dielectric fiber surface waveguides for optical frequencies. Proc. IEE 113, 1151–1158 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  2. D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  3. A.W. Snyder, J.D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  4. D. Gloge, Weakly guiding fibers. Appl. Opt. 10, 2252–2258 (1971)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Murata, Handbook of Optical Fibers and Cables, 2nd edn. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  6. P.C. Schultz, Optical absorption of the transition elements in vitreous silica. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 57, 309–313 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. O. Humbach, H. Fabian, U. Grzesik, U. Haken, W. Heitmann, Analysis of OH absorption bands in synthetic silica. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 19–26 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. K. Tsujikawa, K. Tajima, K. Shiraki, I. Sankawa, Method for predicting Rayleigh scattering loss of silica-based optical fibers. J. Lightw. Technol. 25, 2122–2128 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. M.E. Lines, W.A. Reed, D.J. Di Giovanni, J.R. Hamblin, Explanation of anomalous loss in high delta singlemode fibres. Electron. Lett. 35, 1009–1010 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. P. Guenot, P. Nouchi, B. Poumellec, Influence of drawing temperature on light scattering properties of single-mode fibers, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'99), Techn. Digest (San Diego, CA, USA, 1999), paper ThG2, pp. 84–86

    Google Scholar 

  11. K. Nagayama, M. Kakui, M. Matsui, I. Saitoh, Y. Chigusa, Ultra-low-loss (0.1484 dB/km) pure silica core fibre and extension of transmission distance. Electron. Lett. 38, 1168–1169 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. J.W. Fleming, Dispersion in GeO2-SiO2 glasses. Appl. Opt. 23, 4486–4493 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. CEI/IEC Recommendation 60793–1-41 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  14. TIA Recommendation TIA-455–220-A (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  15. ITU-T Recommendation G.651.1 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  16. D. Molin, P. Matthijsse, G. Kuyt, P. Sillard, Reduced bend sensitivity of multimode fibers in FttX applications, Proc. 56th Intern. Wire & Cable Symposium (IWCS'07), Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, 10–1 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  17. D. Gloge, A.J. Marcatili, Multimode theory of graded-core fibers. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 52, 1563–1579 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  18. R. Olshansky, D.B. Keck, Pulse broadening in graded-index multimode fibers. Appl. Opt. 15, 483–491 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Horiguchi, Y. Ohmori, H. Takata, Profile dispersion characteristics in high-bandwidth graded-index multimode fibers. Appl. Opt. 19, 3159–3167 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. D. Molin, M. Bigot-Astruc, K. de Jongh, P. Sillard, Trench-assisted bend-resistant OM4 multi-mode fibers, Proc. 36th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'10), Torino, Italy (2010), paper P1.11

    Google Scholar 

  21. M.-J. Li, P. Tandon, D.C. Bookbinder, S.R. Bickham, K.A. Wilbert, J.S. Abbott, D.A. Nolan, Designs of bend-insensitive multimode fibers, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper JThA3

    Google Scholar 

  22. T. Ishigure, E. Nihei, Y. Koije, Graded-index polymer optical fiber for high speed data communication. Appl. Opt. 33, 4261–4266 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Y. Koike, T. Ishigure, High-bandwidth plastic optical fiber for fiber to the display. J. Lightw. Technol. 24, 4541–4553 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. N. Yoshihara, Y. Watanabe, T. Onishi, T. Tsukamoto, Transmission trials of perfluorinated GI-POF, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'2000), Techn. Digest (Baltimore, MD, USA, 2000), paper ThR2–1

    Google Scholar 

  25. W.R. White, L.L. Blyler, Jr., R. Ratnagiri, M. Park, Manufacture of perfluorinated plastic optical fibers, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'04), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2004), paper ThC3

    Google Scholar 

  26. ISO/IEC Recommendation 11801 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  27. P. Pepeljugoski, M.J. Hackert, J.S. Abbott, S.E. Swanson, S.E. Golowich, A.J. Ritger, P. Kolesar, Y.C. Chen, P. Pleunis, Development of system specification for laser-optimized 50 µm multimode fiber for multigigabit short-wavelength LANs. J. Lightw. Technol. 21, 1256–1275 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Charlet, M. Salsi, H. Mardoyan, P. Tran, J. Renaudier, S. Bigo, M. Astruc, P. Sillard, L. Provost, F. Cérou, Transmission of 81 channels at 40 Gbit/s over a transpacific-distance, erbium-only link, using PDM-BPSK modulation, coherent detection, and a new large effective area fibre, Proc. 34th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'08), Brussels, Belgium (2008), paper Th3.E.3

    Google Scholar 

  29. G.J. Forschini, C.D. Poole, Statistical theory of polarization dispersion in single mode fibers. J. Lightw. Technol. 9, 1439–1456 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. K. Petermann, Constraints for fundamental-mode spot size for broadband dispersion-compensated single-mode fibres. Electron. Lett. 19, 712–714 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. G.P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd edn. (Academic Press, San Diego, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  32. P. Sillard, P. Nouchi, J-.C. Antona, S. Bigo, Modeling the non-linear index of optical fibers, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'05), Techn. Digest (Anaheim, CA, USA, 2005), paper OFH4

    Google Scholar 

  33. V.A. Bhagavatula, M.S. Spotz, D.E. Quinn, Uniform waveguide dispersion segmented-core designs for dispersion-shifted single mode fibers, 9th Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'84), Techn. Digest (New Orleans, LA, USA, 1984), paper MG2

    Google Scholar 

  34. P. Nouchi, Maximum effective area for non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'98), Techn. Digest (San Jose, CA, USA, 1998), paper ThK3

    Google Scholar 

  35. P. Nouchi, L.-A. de Montmorillon, P. Sillard, New transmission fibers for future networks, Proc. 30th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'04), Stockholm, Sweden (2004), paper Th3.3.1

    Google Scholar 

  36. S. Matsuo, K. Aikawa, N. Shimida, S. Tanigawa, K. Himeno, K. Harada, Non-linearity suppressed fiber link of large-effective area medium dispersion fiber and dispersion compensation, Proc. 28th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'02), Copenhagen, Denmark (2002), paper 3.2.4

    Google Scholar 

  37. L. Expert, L.-A. de Montmorillon, P. Guénot, M. Gorlier, L. Fleury, D. Molin, P. Sillard, V. Salles, P. Nouchi, Low nonlinearity medium-dispersion fiber-based link, Proc. 29th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'03), Rimini, Italy (2003), paper Th2.3.6

    Google Scholar 

  38. N. Kumano, K. Mukasa, S. Matsushita, T. Yagi, Zero-dispersion slope NZDSF with ultra wide bandwidth over 300 nm, Proc. 28th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'02), Copenhagen, Denmark (2002), paper PD1.4

    Google Scholar 

  39. D. Molin, L. Fleury, M. Gorlier, F. Beaumont, L. Expert, L.-A. de Montmorillon, P. Sillard, P. Nouchi, Ultra-low slope medium-dispersion fiber for wide-band terrestrial transmissions, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'03), Techn. Digest (Atlanta, GA, USA, 2003), paper TuB2

    Google Scholar 

  40. L.A. de Montmorillon, P. Sillard, M. Astruc-Bigot, B. Dany, P. Nouchi, B. Lavigne, E. Balmefrezol, J.-C. Antona, O. Leclerc, Transmission fiber optimized for metro optical network, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'05), Techn. Digest (Anaheim, CA, USA, 2005), paper OFH1

    Google Scholar 

  41. H. Yokota, H. Kanamori, Y. Ishiguro, G. Tanaka, S. Tanaka, H. Takada, M. Watanabe, S. Suzuki, K. Yano, M. Hoshikawa, H. Shimba, Ultra-low-loss pure-silica-core single-mode fiber and transmission experiment, 11th Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'86), Techn. Digest (Atlanta, GA, USA, 1986), paper PD3–1

    Google Scholar 

  42. M. Tsukitani, T. Kato, E. Yanada, M. Hirano, M. Nakamura, Y. Ohga, M. Onishi, E. Sasoaka, Y. Makio, M. Nishimura, Low-loss dispersion-flattened hybrid transmission lines consisting of low-nonlinearity pure silica core fibers and dispersion compensating fibers. Electron. Lett. 36, 64–66 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. W.D. Cornwell, O.E. Edwards, N.H. Taylor, D.S. Lotay, S.A Smith, S. Hamidi, Comparison of 64 ⨉ 10 Gbit/s NRZ and RZ transmission over 6,000 km using a dispersion-managed fiber solution, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC/IOOC'02), Techn. Digest (Anaheim, CA, USA, 2002), paper WP4

    Google Scholar 

  44. S.N. Knudsen, B. Zhu, L.E. Nelson, M.O. Pederson, D.W. Peckham, S. Stultz, 420 Gbit/s (42 ⨉ 10 Gbit/s) WDM transmission over 4000 km of UltraWave fiber with 100 km dispersion-managed spans and distributed Raman amplification. Electron. Lett. 37, 965–967 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Bigot-Astruc, F. Gooijer, N. Montaigne, P. Sillard, Trench-assisted profiles for large-effective-area single-mode fibers, Proc. 34th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'08), Brussels, Belgium (2008), paper Mo.4.B.1

    Google Scholar 

  46. S. Chandrasekhar, Xiang Liu, B. Zhu, D.W. Peckham, Transmission of a 1.2 Tbps 24-carrier no-guard-interval coherent OFDM superchannel over 7200 km of ultra-large-area fiber, Proc. 34th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'09), Vienna, Austria (2009), paper PD2.6

    Google Scholar 

  47. Y. Yamamoto, M. Hirano, K. Kuwahara, T. Sasaki, OSNR-enhancing pure-silica-core fiber with large effective area and low attenuation, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper OTuI2

    Google Scholar 

  48. J.D. Downie, J. Hurley, J. Cartledge, S. Ten, S. Bickham, S. Mishra, Xianming Zhu, A. Kobyakov, 40 ⨉ 112 Gbps transmission over an unrepeatered 365 km effective area-managed span comprised of ultra-low loss optical fiber, Proc. 36th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'10), Torino, Italy (2010), paper We.7.C.5

    Google Scholar 

  49. M. Bigot-Astruc, L. Provost, G. Krabshuis, P. Dhenry, P. Sillard, 125 µm glass diameter single-mode fiber with Aeff of 155 µm2, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper OTuJ2

    Google Scholar 

  50. D. Marcuse, Influence of curvature on the losses of doubly clad fibers. Appl. Opt. 21, 4208–4213 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. K. Himeno, S. Matsuo, N. Guan, A. Wada, Low-bending-loss single-mode fibers for fiber-to-the-home. J. Lightw. Technol. 23, 3494–3499 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. L.-A. de Montmorillon, P. Matthijsse, F. Gooijer, D. Molin, F. Achten, X. Meerssemann, C. Legrand, Next generation SMF with reduced bend sensitivity for FTTH networks, Proc. 32nd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'06), Cannes, France (2006), paper Mo3.3.2

    Google Scholar 

  53. T. Hasegawa, T. Saitoh, D. Nishika, E. Sasaoka, T. Hosoya, Bend-insensitive singlemode holey fiber with SMF-compatibility for optical wiring applications, Proc. 29th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'03), Rimini, Italy (2003), paper We2.7.3

    Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Tsuchida, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Design and characterization of single-mode holey fibers with low bending losses. Opt. Express 13, 4770–4779 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. M.-J. Li, P. Tandon, D.C. Bookbinder, S.R. Bickham, M.A. McDermott, R.B. Desorcie, D.A. Nolan, J.J. Johnson, K.A. Lewis, J.J. Englebert, Ultra-low bending loss single-mode fiber for FTTH, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'08), Techn. Digest (San Diego, CA, USA, 2008), paper PDP10

    Google Scholar 

  56. S. Sudo, H. Itoh, Efficient non-linear optical fibres and their applications. Opt. Quantum Electron. 22, 187–212 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. J.M. Dugan, A.J. Price, M. Ramadan, D.L. Wolf, E.F. Murphy, A.J. Antos, D.K. Smith, D.W. Hall, All optical, fiber-based 1550 nm dispersion compensation in a 10 Gbit/s, 150 km transmission experiment over 1310 nm optimized fiber, 17th Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'92) Techn. Digest (San Jose, CA, USA, 1992), paper PDP14

    Google Scholar 

  58. A.M. Vengsarkar, A.E. Miller, W.A. Reed, Highly efficient single-mode fiber for broadband dispersion compensation, 18th Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'93) Techn. Digest (San Jose, CA, USA, 1993), paper PD13

    Google Scholar 

  59. P. Nouchi, H. Laklalech, P. Sansonetti, J. von Wirth, J. Ramos, F. Bruyère, C. Brehm, J.-Y. Boniort, B. Perrin, Low-PMD dispersion-compensating fibers, Proc. 21st Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'95), Brussels, Belgium (1995), paper TuP04

    Google Scholar 

  60. L. Grüner-Nielsen, M. Wandel, P. Kristensen, C. Jorgensen, L. Vilbrad Jorgensen, B. Edvold, B. Palsdottir, D. Jakobsen, Dispersion-compensating fibers. J. Lightw. Technol. 23, 3566–3579 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. M.J. Li, Recent progress in fiber dispersion compensators, Proc. 27th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'01), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2001), paper ThM1.1

    Google Scholar 

  62. T. Sasaki, K. Makihara, M. Hirano, T. Haruna, T. Kashiwada, S. Hagihara, M. Onishi, Novel dispersion compensating fiber with fluorine-doped cladding for simultaneous realization of high dispersion compensation efficiency and low attenuation, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'06), Techn. Digest (Anaheim, CA, USA, 2006), paper OThA2

    Google Scholar 

  63. K. Mukasa, Y. Akasaka, Y. Suzuki, T. Kamiya, Novel network fiber to manage dispersion at 1.55 µm with combination of 1.3 µm zero dispersion single-mode fiber, Proc. 23rd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'97), Edinburgh, UK (1997), vol. 1, 127–130

    Google Scholar 

  64. J.-C. Antona, P. Sillard, S. Bigo, Impact of imperfect wideband dispersion compensation on the performance of WDM transmission systems at 40 Gbps, Proc. 32nd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'06), Cannes, France (2006), paper Th1.6.4

    Google Scholar 

  65. J.-C. Antona, P. Sillard, Relationship between the achievable distance of WDM transmission systems and criterion of quality for DCM, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'06), Techn. Digest (Anaheim, CA, USA, 2006), paper OWJ2

    Google Scholar 

  66. P. Sillard, J.-C. Antona, S. Bigo, Optimized chromatic dispersion of DCMs in WDM transmission systems at 40 Gbps, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'08), Techn. Digest (San Diego, CA, USA, 2008), paper JWA13

    Google Scholar 

  67. B. Elliott, M. Gilmore, Fiber Optic Cabling, 2nd edn. (Oxford, Great Britain, 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  68. J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, D.M. Atkin, Pure silica single-mode fiber with hexagonal photonic crystal cladding, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'96) Techn. Digest (San Jose, CA, USA, 1996), paper PD3

    Google Scholar 

  69. J.C. Knight, J. Broeng, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russell, Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers. Science 282, 1476–1478 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, P.St.J. Russell, Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Lett. 22, 961–963 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. K. Kurukawa, T. Yamamoto, K. Tajima, A. Aratake, K. Suzuki, T. Kurashima, High capacity WDM transmission in 1.0 µm band over low low PCF using supercontinuum source, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'08), Techn. Digest (San Diego, CA, USA, 2008), paper OMH5

    Google Scholar 

  72. L. Farr, J.C. Knight, B.J. Mangan, P.J. Roberts, Low loss photonic crystal fibre, Proc. 28th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'02), Copenhagen, Denmark (2002), paper PD1.3

    Google Scholar 

  73. K. Tajima, Low loss PCF by reduction of hole surface imperfection, Proc. 33rd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'07), Berlin, Germany (2007), paper PDP 2.1

    Google Scholar 

  74. B.J. Mangan, F. Couny, L. Farr, A. Langford, P.J. Roberts, D.P. Williams, M. Banham, M.W. Mason, D.F. Murphy, E.A.M. Brown, H. Sabert, T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, P.St.J. Russell, Slope-matched dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fiber, Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt. (CLEO'04), Baltimore, MD, USA (2004), paper CPDD3

    Google Scholar 

  75. P.J. Bennett, T.M. Monro, N.G.R. Broderick, D.J. Richardson, Towards practical holey fiber technology: fabrication, splicing and characterization, Proc. 25th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'99), Nice, France (1999), vol. I, 20–23

    Google Scholar 

  76. K.J. Ranka, S.R. Windeler, A.J. Stentz, Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm. Opt. Lett. 25, 25–27 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. K. Kurukowa, K. Tajima, K. Nakajima, 10 GHz 0.5 ps pulse generation in 1000 nm band in PCF for high speed optical communication, Proc. 32nd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'06), Cannes, France (2006), paper PDP5

    Google Scholar 

  78. P. Petropoulos, T.M. Monro, W. Belardi, K. Furusawa, J.H. Lee, D.J. Richardson, 2R regenerative all-optical switch based on a highly nonlinear holey fiber. Opt. Lett. 26, 1233–1235 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. G. Mélin, L. Provost, A. Fleureau, S. Lempereur, X. Rejeaunier, A. Bourova, L. Gasca, Innovative design for highly non-linear microstructured fibers, Proc. 30th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'04), Stockholm, Sweden (2004), paper Th4.3.2

    Google Scholar 

  80. W.S. Wong, X. Peng, J.M. McLaughlin, L. Dong, Breaking the limit of maximum effective area for robust single-mode operation in optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 30, 2855–2857 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. J.M. Fini, Bend-resistant design of conventional and micro-structure fibers with very large mode area. Opt. Express 14, 69–81 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. J.D. Shephard, J.D.C. Jones, D.P. Hand, G. Bouwmans, J.C. Knight, P.St.J. Russell, B.J. Mangan, High energy nanosecond laser pulses delivered single-mode through hollow-core PBG fibers. Opt. Express 12, 717–723 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. C.J.S de Matos, J.R. Taylor, T.P. Hansen, K.P. Hansen, J. Broeng, All-fiber chirped pulse amplification using highly-dispersive air-core photonic bandgap fiber. Opt. Express 11, 2832–2835 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. P.J. Roberts, F. Couny, H. Sabert, B.J. Mangan, D.P. Williams, L. Farr, M.W. Mason, A. Tomlinson, T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, P.St.J. Russell, Ultimate low loss of hollow-core photonic crystal fibres. Opt. Express 13, 236–244 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. T.A. Birks, Reducing losses in photonic crystal fibers, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'06), Techn. Digest (Anaheim, CA, USA, 2006), paper OFC7

    Google Scholar 

  86. T. Ritari, J. Tuominen, H. Ludvigsen, J. Petersen, T. Sørensen, T.P. Hansen, H. R. Simonsen, Gas sensing using air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers. Opt. Express 12, 4080- 4087 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. N.M. Litchinitser, S.C. Dunn, B. Usner, B.J. Eggleton, T.P. White, R.C. McPhedran, C. Martijn de Sterke, Resonances in microstructured optical waveguides. Opt. Express 11, 1243–1251 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. A. Agyros, T.A. Birks, S.G. Leon-Saval, C.M.B. Cordeiro, F. Luan, P.St.J. Russell, Photonic bandgap with an index step of one percent. Opt. Express 13, 309–314 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. G. Bouwmans, L. Bigot, Y. Quiquempois, F. Lopez, L. Provino, M. Douay, Fabrication and characterization of an all-solid 2D photonic bandgap fiber with a low-loss region (< 20 dB/km) around 1550 nm. Opt. Express 13, 8452–8459 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. P. Yeh, A. Yariv, E. Marom, Theory of Bragg fiber. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 1196–1201 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. Y. Fink, D.J. Ripin, S. Fan, C. Chen, J.D. Joannepoulos, E.L. Thomas, Guiding optical light in air using an all-dielectric structure. J. Lightw. Technol. 17, 2039–2041 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. F. Brechet, P. Roy, J. Marcou, D. Pagnoux, Single-mode propagation into depressed core-index photonic bandgap fiber designed for zero-dispersion propagation at short wavelengths. Electron. Lett. 36, 514–515 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. G. Vienne, Y. Xu, C. Jakobsen, H.J. Deyerl, T.P. Hansen, B.H. Larsen, J. B. Jensen, T. Sørensen, M. Terrel, Y. Huang, M, R. K. Lee, N. A. Mortensen, H. Simonsen, A. Bjarklev, A. Yariv, First demonstration of air-silica Bragg fiber, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'03), Techn. Digest (Atlanta, GA, USA, 2003), paper PDP25

    Google Scholar 

  94. C. Baskiotis, D. Molin, G. Bouwmans, F. Gooijer, P. Sillard, Y. Quiquempois, M. Douay, Bend-induced transformation of the transmission window of a large-mode-area Bragg fiber, Proc. 34th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'08), Brussels, Belgium (2008), paper Mo.4.B.2

    Google Scholar 

  95. D. Gapanov, P. Roy, S. Février, M.E. Likhachev, S.L. Semjonov, M.M. Bubnov, E.M. Dianov, M. Yu. Yashkov, V.F. Khopin, M.Yu. Salganskii, A.N. Guryanov, High-power photonic bandgap fiber laser, Proc. 33rd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'07), Berlin, Germany (2007), paper PD 3.9

    Google Scholar 

  96. G. Ouyang, Y. Xu, A. Yariv, Theoretical study on dispersion compensation in air-core Bragg fibers. Opt. Express 10, 889–908 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. T. Engeness, M. Ibanescu, S. Johnson, O. Weisberg, M. Skorobogatiy, S. Jacobs, Y. Fink, Dispersion tailoring and compensation by modal interactions in OmniGuide fibers. Opt. Express 11, 1175–1196 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. J. Marcou, F. Brechet, Ph. Roy, Design of weakly guiding Bragg fibers for chromatic dispersion shifting towards short wavelengths. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 3, 144–153 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. N. Yi, Z. Lei, G. Chong, J. Shu, P. Jiangde, A novel design for all-solid silica Bragg fiber with zero-dispersion wavelength at 1550 nm. Opt. Express 12, 4602–4607 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. F. Gérôme, S. Février, A.D. Pryamikov, J.L. Auguste, R. Jamier, J.M. Blondy, M.E. Likhachev, M.M. Bubnov, S.L. Semjonov, E.M. Dianov, Highly dispersive large mode area photonic bandgap fiber. Opt. Lett. 32, 1208–1210 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. M. Fokine, L.E. Nilsson, A. Claesson, D. Berlemont, L. Kjellberg, L. Krummenacher, W. Margulis, Integrated fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer for electro-optic switching. Opt. Lett. 27, 1643–1645 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. M. Bayindir, F. Sorin, A.F. Abouraddy, J. Viens, S.D. Hart, J.D. Joannopoulos, Y. Fink, Metal-insulator-semiconductor optoelectronic fibers. Nature 431, 826–829 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. P.J.A. Sazio, A.Amezcua-Correa, C.E. Finlayson, J.R. Hayes, T.J. Scheidemantel, N.F. Baril, B.R. Jackson, D.-J. Won, F. Zhang, E.R. Margine, V. Gopalan, V.H. Crespi, J.V. Badding, Microstructured optical fibers as high-pressure microfluidic reactors. Science 311, 1583–1586 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. D.J. Won, M.O. Ramirez, H. Kang, V. Gopalan, N.F. Baril, J. Calkins, J.V. Badding, P.J.A. Sazio, All-optical modulation of laser light in amorphous silicon filled microstructured optical fibers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 161112 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. R.-J. Essiambre, G.J. Foschini, P.J. Winzer, G. Kramer, Capacity limits of fiber-optic telecommunication systems, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'09), Techn. Digest (San Diego, CA, USA, 2009), paper OThL1

    Google Scholar 

  106. R.W. Tkach, Network Traffic and System Capacity: Scaling for the Future, Proc. 36th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'10), Torino, Italy (2010), paper We.7.D.1

    Google Scholar 

  107. S. Inao, T. Sato. S. Senstsui, T. Kuroha, Y. Nishimura, Multicore optical fiber, 4th Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC'79) Techn. Digest (Washington, DC, USA, 1979), paper WB1

    Google Scholar 

  108. J.-F. Bourhis, R. Meilleur, P. Nouchi, A. Tardy, G. Orcel, Manufacturing and characterization of multicore fibers, Proc. 46th Intern. Wire & Cable Symposium (IWCS'97), Eatontown, NJ, USA (1997), pp. 584–589

    Google Scholar 

  109. T. Hayashi, T. Nagashima, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Crosstalk variation of multi-core fibre due to fibre bend, Proc. 36th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'10), Torino, Italy (2010), paper We.8.F.6

    Google Scholar 

  110. M. Koshiba, Recent progress in multi-core fibers for ultralarge-capacity transmission, Proc. OptoElectron. Comm. Conf. (OECC'10) Sapporo, Japan (2010), paper 6B1–3

    Google Scholar 

  111. K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, S. Tanigawa, N. Guan, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Reduction of crosstalk by trench-assisted multi-core fiber, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper OWJ4

    Google Scholar 

  112. T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Low-crosstalk and low- loss multi-core fiber utilizing fiber bend, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper OWJ3

    Google Scholar 

  113. K. Immamura, K. Mukasa, T. Yagi, Investigation of multi-core fibers with large Aeff and low micro-bending loss, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'10), Techn. Digest (San Diego, CA, USA, 2010), paper OWK6

    Google Scholar 

  114. J. Sakaguchi, Y.Awaji, N. Wada, A. Kanno, T. Kawanishi, T. Hayashi, T. Taru, T. Kobayashi, M. Watanabe, 109 Tbps (7 ⨉ 97 ⨉ 172 Gbps SMD/WDM/PDM) QPSK transmission through 16.8 km homogeneous multi-core fiber, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper PDPB6

    Google Scholar 

  115. B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, X. Liu, S. Chandrasekkar, M.F. Yan, J.M. Fini, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, Space-, wavelength-, polarization-division multiplexed transmission of 56 Tbps over 76.8 km seven-core fiber, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper PDPB7

    Google Scholar 

  116. S. Berdagué, P. Facq, Mode division multiplexing in optical fibers. Appl. Opt. 21, 1950–1955 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. H.R. Stuart, Dispersive multiplexing in multimode optical fiber. Science 289, 281–283 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. C.P. Tsekrekos, A. Martinez, F.M. Huijskens, A.M.J. Koonen, Design consideration for a transparent mode group diversity multiplexing link. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2359–2361 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. S. Schöllmann, W. Rosenkranz, Experimental equalization of crosstalk in 2 ⨉ 2 MIMO system based on mode group diversity multiplexing in MMF systems @ 10.7 Gbps, Proc. 33rd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'07), Berlin, Germany (2007), paper 7.4.2

    Google Scholar 

  120. B.C. Thomsen, MIMO enabled 40 Gb/s transmission using mode division multiplexing in multimode fiber, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'10), Techn. Digest (San Diego, CA, USA, 2010), paper OThM6

    Google Scholar 

  121. B. Franz, D. Suikat, R. Dischler, F. Buchali, H. Buelow, High speed OFDM transmission over 5 km of GI-multimode fiber using spatial multiplexing with 2 ⨉ 2 MIMO, Proc. 36th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'10), Torino, Italy (2010), paper Tu.3.C.4

    Google Scholar 

  122. R. Ryf, S. Randel, A.H. Gnauck, C. Bolle, R.-J. Essiambre, P. Winzer, D.W. Peckham, A. McCurdy, R. Lingle, Space-division multiplexing over 10 km of three-mode fiber using coherent 6 ⨉ 6 MIMO processing, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper PDPB10

    Google Scholar 

  123. C. Koebele, M. Salsi, G. Charlet, S. Bigo, Nonlinear effects in long-haul transmission over bimodal optical fibre, Proc. 36th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC'10), Torino, Italy (2010), paper Mo.2.C.6

    Google Scholar 

  124. N. Hanzawa, K. Saitoh, T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, S. Tomita, M. Koshiba, Demonstration of mode-division multiplexing transmission over 10 km two-mode fiber with mode coupler, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper OWA4

    Google Scholar 

  125. A. Li, A.A. Amin, X. Chen, W. Shieh, Reception of mode and polarization multiplexed 107 Gbps CO-OFDM signal over a two-mode fiber, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper PDPB8

    Google Scholar 

  126. M. Salsi, C. Koebele, D. Sperti, P. Tran, P. Brindel, H. Mardoyan, S. Bigo, A. Boutin, F. Verluise, P. Sillard, M. Bigot-Astruc, L. Provost, F. Cerou, G. Charlet, Transmission at 2 ⨉ 100 Gbps, over two-modes of 40 km-long prototype few-mode fiber, using LCOS-based mode multiplexer and demultiplexer, Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC'11), Techn. Digest (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2011), paper PDPB9

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Pascale Nouchi Dr.

    Present address: Campus Polytechnique, THALES Research , 1 avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France

  2. Pierre Sillard Dr. & Denis Molin

    Present address: Site Data, Prysmian Group, 4 Route de Nozay, 91460, Marcoussis, France

Authors and Affiliations

    Authors
    1. Pascale Nouchi Dr.
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Pierre Sillard Dr.
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Denis Molin
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding authors

    Correspondence to Pascale Nouchi Dr. , Pierre Sillard Dr. or Denis Molin .

    Editor information

    Editors and Affiliations

    1. Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Fraunhofer-Institut Nachrichtentechnik, Einsteinufer 37, Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany

      Herbert Venghaus

    2. Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Fraunhofer-Institut Nachrichtentechnik, Einsteinufer 37, Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany

      Norbert Grote

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

    About this chapter

    Cite this chapter

    Nouchi, P., Sillard, P., Molin, D. (2012). Optical Fibres. In: Venghaus, H., Grote, N. (eds) Fibre Optic Communication. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 161. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20517-0_2

    Download citation

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20517-0_2

    • Published:

    • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

    • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-20516-3

    • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-20517-0

    • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation