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Osteoporosis

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Abstract

Osteoporosis is considered as the most common bone disease in humans and represents a major public health issue as its prevalence is increasing with an aging population. Osteoporosis leads to nearly nine million fractures annually worldwide. It is a silent disease and its clinical significance lies in the fractures that arise from it. These fractures are usually sustained following minimal trauma also known as fragility fractures. It is estimated that more than one-third of adult women and one in five men will sustain one or more fragility fractures in their lifetime. Osteoporotic fragility fractures can cause substantial pain and severe disability, often leading to reduced quality of life. Additionally, hip and vertebral fractures are associated with decreased life expectancy. Hip fractures in particular, always requires hospitalization, is fatal in 20% of cases and causes permanent disability in 50% of those affected with only 30% of patients fully recover.

The substantial cost of fragility fractures is causing a significant toll on the already limited healthcare budget. In America, the cost of osteoporosis-related fractures was estimated at $17 billion in 2015 and is estimated to double and even triple by the year 2040. There are a number of effective therapies available for the prevention of fragility fracture in people thought to be at risk, or to prevent further fractures in those who have already sustained one or more fragility fractures. However, in order to effectively reduce the personal, medical, and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures, a robust system of fracture prevention, identification, and treatment of those who are at risk should be implemented.

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Abbreviations

25(OH)D:

25-hydroxyvitamin D

AFF:

Atypical femoral fracture

BMD:

Bone mineral density

BMI:

Body mass index

BTM:

Bone turnover marker

CT:

Computed tomography

DH:

Department of Health, UK

DXA:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

EMA:

European Medicines Agency

EU:

European Union

FRAX:

Fracture risk assessment tool

GH:

Growth hormone

GI:

Gastrointestinal

GIO:

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

HR-pQCT:

High resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography

HRT:

Hormone replacement therapy

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth hormone factor-1

IL:

Interleukin

IU:

International unit

L:

Liter

min:

Minutes

ml/mL:

Milliliter

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

ng:

Nanogram

NICE:

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

nmol:

Nanomole

NOF:

National Osteoporosis Foundation

ONJ:

Osteonecrosis of the jaw

pDXA:

Peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

pQCT:

Peripheral quantitative computed tomography

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

QCT:

Quantitative computed tomography

QUS:

Quantitative ultrasonometry

RANKL:

Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-B Ligand

SD:

Standard deviation

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

UK:

United Kingdom of Great Britain

USA:

United States of America

VFA:

Vertebral fracture assessment

VTE:

Venous thromboembolism

WHO:

World Health Organization

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  1. University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

    Sherwin Criseno

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  1. Sherwin Criseno
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Correspondence to Sherwin Criseno .

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  1. School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK

    Sofia Llahana

  2. Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

    Cecilia Follin

  3. Northwest Pituitary Center Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA

    Christine Yedinak

  4. Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Ashley Grossman

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Criseno, S. (2019). Osteoporosis. In: Llahana, S., Follin, C., Yedinak, C., Grossman, A. (eds) Advanced Practice in Endocrinology Nursing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99817-6_53

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99817-6_53

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