Skip to main content

Silence

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible
  • 106 Accesses

Abstract

The definition of silence is as vast as the definition of language, movement, noise, or sound themselves. It is so because rather than in opposition or mere contradiction to language, movement, noise, or sound (Kurzon, Discourse of silence. Amsterdam, John Benjamins: 1998), silence is that which blossoms in between them, in interdependence with them (Lehmann, The cultural psychology of silence. Treasuring the poetics of affect at the core of human existence (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway: 2018a). Hence, silence is not to be understood as a pure emptiness, a pure absence, a pure pause: silence is rather a room for the possible. In between one musical note and another, in between words, in between body signals, in between our actions, in between the unexpected noises from the environment, there is a space and a time for being and becoming. Acting at times as a boundary that precedes the unfolding of the future, and at times as a room for reminiscence or to deepen our present experiences, and some other times as the reminder of the uncertainty that belongs to our human condition, silence is always redirecting us somewhere; it enhances attention inward and outward.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allport, G., Social Science Research Council (U.S.)., Committee on Appraisal of Research. (1942). The use of personal documents in psychological science. Retrieved Jan 9 2017 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.l0055761860;view=1up;seq=16

  • Bachelard, G. (1932/2013). Intuition of the instant. Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy. Northwestern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M. (1963/1999). Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benetka, G., & Joerchel, A. C. (2016). Psychology as a phenomenological science. In J. Valsiner, G. Marsico, N. Chaudhary, T. Sato, & V. Dazzani (Eds.), Psychology as the science of human being. The Yokohama manifesto. Annals of theoretical psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 17–32). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braman, S. (2007). When nightingales break the law: Silence and the construction of reality. Ethics and Information Technology, 9, 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-007-9148-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau, T. J. (1973). Communicative silences: Forms and functions. The Journal of Communication, 23, 17–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau, T. J., & Ishii, S. (1988). Communicative silences: East and west. Word Communication, 17(1), 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cage, J. (1961). Silence. Lectures and writings by John Cage. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain, S. (2013). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can’t stop talking. Broadway, NE: i-iBroadway books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. (2013). Experiencing relational depth: Self-development exercises and reflections. In R. Knox, D. Murphy, S. Wiggins, & M. Cooper (Eds.), Relational depth. New perspectives and developments (pp. 137–152). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, A. (2018). A history of Silence from the renaissance to the present day. London: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, M. (1990). Meditation and the dilemma of narcissism. Journal of Contemplative Psychotherapy, 7, 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, M. D., & Lieff, J. D. (1981). Psychiatric complications of meditation practice. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 13(2), 137–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1913/1999). Totem y Tabú. Madrid: Alianza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottman, J., & De Claire, J. (2001). The relationship cure: A 5 step guide to strengthening your marriage. New York: Harmony.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, I. (1989). On the oceanic experience. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 37, 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306518903700212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermans, H. M., & Gieser, T. (2011). Introductory chapter: History, main tenets and core concepts of dialogical self theory. In H. M. Hermans & T. Gieser (Eds.), Handbook of dialogical theory (pp. 1–22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hermans, H. J., Kempen, H. J., & Van Loon, R. J. (1992). The dialogical self: Beyond individualism and rationalism. American Psychologist, 47(1), 23–33. http://doi.apa.org/fulltext/1992-19900-001.html.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, J., & Stock, A. (n.d.). The Wüzburg school. Retrieved in July 5th, 2016 from: http://www.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/w_schule/WSCHOOL2a.pdf

  • Holen, A. (1976/2016). Psychology of silence. Perspectives on Acem meditation. Oslo: Dyade Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, G. (1951). Thinking. An introduction to its experimental psychology. London: Methuen &Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J. V. (1973). Communicative functions of silence. ETCA: A Review Of General Semantics, 30(3), 249–257. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42582250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. (2008). Hold me tight. Seven conversations for a lifetime of love. New York: Little, Brown & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are. Mindfulness meditation in everyday Life. New York: Hachette Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagge, E. (2018). Silence: In the age of noise. London: Vintage books - Penguin Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L. J. (2015). Mindfulness in cultural context. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52(4), 447–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461515598949. tps.sagepub.com

  • Kurzon, D. (1998). Discourse of silence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzon, D. (2007). Towards a typology of silence. Journal of Pragmatics, 39, 1673–1688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.07.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurzon, D. (2009). Thematic silence as metaphor. In K. Turner & B. Fraser (Eds.), Language in life, and a life in language: Jacob Mey – A festschrift (pp. 255–263). Wagon Lane: Emerald Group Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzon, D. (2013). Silence. In M. Sbisà & K. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of pragmatics: Speech actions (pp. 659–684). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, O. V. (2016a). Something blossoms in between silence-phenomena as a bordering notions in psychology. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 50(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-015-9321-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, O. V. (2016b). Silence and sense-making: The musicality of affect restored to wissenschaft in everyday life. In H. S. Klempe (Ed.), Cultural psychology of musical experience (pp. 281–298). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, O. V. (2018a). The cultural psychology of silence. Treasuring the poetics of affect at the core of human existence (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Retrieved from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/2484902.

  • Lehmann, O. V. (2018b). Understanding silence-phenomena through the boundaries of speech: Semiotic demand settings regulating felt experiences. In C. Cornejo & G. Marsico (Eds.), Annals of cultural psychology (pp. 125–144). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, O. V., & Brinkmann, S. (2019). Revisiting “the art of being fragile”: Why cultural psychology needs literature and poetry. Culture & Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X19862183.

  • Lehmann, O. V., Kardum, G., & Klempe, S. H. (2018). The search for inner silence as a source for eudemonia. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1553295.

  • Levitt, H. (2001a). Sounds of silence in psychotherapy: The categorization of clients’ pauses. Psychotherapy Research, 11(3), 295–309. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/713663985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, H. (2001b). Client’s experiences of obstructive silence: Integrating conscious reports and analytic theories. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 31(4), 221–245. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1015307311143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzei, L. (2007). Inhabited silence in qualitative research. Putting poststructural theory to work. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, A. (2013). The value of “silence” in the lives of postincarcerated women. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 52(1), 1–15. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2012.713452

  • Merton, T. (1968/2000). Silence and solitude. In C.M. Bochen (Ed.), Thomas Merton, essential writings. New York: Maryknoll

    Google Scholar 

  • Moniz, R., & Slutzky, H. (2016). A brief introduction to mindfulness: Origins, science, the brain, and practice. In R. Moniz, J. Eshleman, J. Henry, H. Slutzky, & L. Moniz (Eds.), The mindful librarian. Connecting the practice of mindfulness to librarianship (pp. 1–25) Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005552000011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moy, P., Domke, D., & Keith, S. (2001). The spiral of silence and public opinion on affirmative action. Journalism and Mass Communication, 78(1), 7–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, K. (2017). Dialogue as poetic imagination in the way of tea. In O. V. Lehmann, N. Chaudhary, A. C. Bastos, & E. Abbey (Eds.), Poetry and imagined worlds: Creativity and everyday experience (pp. 255–273). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Noelle-Neumann, E. (2008). Spiral of silence. In E. Griffin (Ed.), A first look at communication theory (7th ed., pp. 372–382) Retrieved from http://www.afirstlook.com/docs/spiral.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlandi, E. P. (1995). As formas do silêncio: no movimento dos sentidos. Campinas: Unicamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paz, O. (1956/1999). El Arco y la lira. Barcelona: Galaxia-Gutemberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saint Theresa Of Jesus (1577/2015). Las Moradas Del Castillo Interior. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarah, R., & Diat, N. (2017). The power of silence: Against the dictatorship of noise. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sardello, R. (2006). Silence. Benson, NC: Goldenstone Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S., & Berke, J. (2008). The oceanic feeling, mysticism and kabbalah: Freud's historical roots. Psychoanalytic Review, 95(1), 131–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwappach, D. L. B. (2008). “Against the silence”: Development and first results of a patient survey to assess experiences of safety-related events in hospital. BMC Health Services Research, 8, 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., & Carlson, L. E. (2017). Mindfulness and self-care for the clinician. In S. L. Shapiro & L. E. Carlson (Eds.), The art and science of mindfulness: Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions (pp. 115–126). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siff, J. (2010). Unlearning meditation. What to do when the instructions get in the way. Boulder: Shambhala.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsoli, L. (2010). “I remember”, “I thought”, “I know I didn’t say”: Silence and memory in trauma narratives. Memory, 18(2), 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, C., Coman, A., Brown, A., Koppel, J., & Hirst, W. (2012). Toward a science of silence: The consequences of leaving a memory unsaid. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611427303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, J. V., Levitt, H. M., Berman, J. S., & Mathews, S. S. (2010). A study of silent disengagement and distressing emotion in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 20(5), 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503301003754515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tangene, C. (2017). Feeling the silence of the ocean: Experiencing the night shift. In O. V. Lehmann & J. Valsiner (Eds.), Deep experiencing. Dialogues within the self (pp. 39–50). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Thich Nhat Hanh (1975/1995). Cómo lograr el milagro de vivir despierto. (Un manual de meditación). Centro E. N. CEDEL: Barcelona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(1), 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagoner, B. (2013). Language in self-observation. In I. J. W. Clegg (Ed.), Self-observation in the social Sciences [kindle DX version]. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagoner, B. (2017). The constructive mind: Bartlett’s psychology in reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wideman, J. E. (2001). In Praise of Silence. Callaloo, 24(2), 641–643. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3300543

  • Yamada, Y. (2008). Opposite and coexistent dialogues: Repeated voices and the side-by-side position of self and other. In T. Sugiman, K. J. Gergen, W. Wagner, & Y. Yamada (Eds.), Meaning in action. Constructions, narratives and representations (pp. 223–240). Shinano: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zittoun, T., & Glaveanu, V. (Eds.). (2016). Oxford handbook of imagination and culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olga V. Lehmann .

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Lehmann, O.V. (2022). Silence. In: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98390-5_225-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98390-5_225-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98390-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98390-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics