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Long Term Analysis of Meteorological-Oceanographic Extreme Events for the Baixada Santista Region

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Climate Change in Santos Brazil: Projections, Impacts and Adaptation Options

Abstract

This chapter presents a database of extreme events, including storm surges (SS) and coastal inundation/flooding (CI/F) that caused injuries and economic/environmental losses in cities from Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region between 1928 and 2016 (hemerographic method). A group of seven indicators describes the boundary conditions of each event: duration/evolution interval, lunar phase, meteorological tide height, precipitation, wind direction and intensity, significant wave height and direction, and ENSO phases. They were listed 115 SS (76.5% only in the current century) and 123 CI/F (47.2%). Around 76.5% of SS occurred between April and September, while 50.4% of CI/F between January and April. Spring tides influenced 52.2% of SS and 65.6% of CI/F. Accumulated rainfall volume during the duration interval was 227.1 mm in SS and 277.8 mm in CI/F. Maximum height of meteorological tides was 0.78 m for both types. Wind intensity reached 20.6 m/s in SS and 17 m/s in CI/F events, both with predominant SW-SSW directions. Significant waves reached 7 and 5.5 m respectively in SS and CI/F, being S-SSE directions predominant. ENSO phenomenon seems to control these extreme events, once 54.8% of SS and 46.3% of CI/F occurred during EN, and 40% of SS and 37.4% of CI/F during LN phases.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In 2016, São Paulo State created the “Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil para Erosão Costeira, Inundações Costeiras e Enchentes/Alagamentos causadas por Eventos Meteorológicos-Oceanográficos Extremos como Ressacas do Mar e Marés Altas” (a preventative plan for coastal erosion, coastal inundation and flooding caused by meteorological-oceanographic extremes such as storm surges and high tides), in which one of the main instruments is the municipal contingency plan, Plano Municipal de Contingência (Resolução CMIL 17-610 – Cedec, de 28-11-2016).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Oceanographer Eduardo G. Rosa, Environmental Analyst Johann C. Lima and Geographer Graziella S. R. Rodrigues for conducting part of the work of compiling the data and making some graphic treating. We also thank Dr. Mirian R. Gutjahr (Instutute of Geology-SMA/SP) and Professor Dr. Luci H. Nunes (LECLIG-University of Campinas) for making available their disaster registries for São Paulo coastal zone; the BNDO – National Bank of Oceanographic Data (Captain Vladimir C. Maluf in particular), the Centre for Hydrodynamic Research at the University Santa Cecília (Profs. Renan B. Ribeiro MSc. and Dr. Alexandra F. P. Sampaio), as well as the Santos Civil Defence (Eng. Ernesto K. Tabuchi and Geologist Marcos P. Bandini in particular) for kindly making their databases available. Finally, our thanks to the State of São Paulo Docas Company (2010–2011), the IG-SMA/SP, and the São Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp n° 2012/51876-0 and 2015/08192-1) for the various types of financial support for this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geology – Secretariat for the Environment of the State of São Paulo (IG-SMA/SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza

  2. Post-Graduate Programme on Physical Geography – Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences, University of São Paulo (FFLCH-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza

  3. Environmental consultant, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

    Agenor Pereira Souza

  4. Institute of Oceanography, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

    Joseph Harari

Authors
  1. Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza
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  2. Agenor Pereira Souza
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Correspondence to Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Santos, São Paulo, Brazil

    Lucí Hidalgo Nunes

  2. Department of Geography, UNICAMP – Instituto de Geociências, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

    Roberto Greco

  3. National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

    José A. Marengo

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Souza, C.R.d.G., Souza, A.P., Harari, J. (2019). Long Term Analysis of Meteorological-Oceanographic Extreme Events for the Baixada Santista Region. In: Nunes, L., Greco, R., Marengo, J. (eds) Climate Change in Santos Brazil: Projections, Impacts and Adaptation Options. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96535-2_6

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