Abstract
Campaigning has evolved over time, especially with the emergence of e-campaigning. While the use of internet and communication technologies (ICTs) in politics has become a popular topic in the current literature on electoral campaigning, it remains unclear what pushes a candidate to use one tool rather than another. This chapter has two main goals, first to scrutinise the use of campaigning tools by the candidates of the 2014 electoral campaign, and secondly, to investigate to what extent the candidate determines the use of one campaigning method rather than the other. By doing so, we aim at tackling the various strategies deployed by candidates to communicate to the electorate during the campaign—while taking into account party norms and contextual factors that may shape these strategies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aalberg, Toril, and Anders Todal Jenssen. 2007. “Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates.” Nordicom Review 28 (1): 17–32.
Adam, Silke, and Michaela Maier. 2010. “Personalization of Politics a Critical Review and Agenda for Research.” Annals of the International Communication Association 34 (1): 213–57.
Adams, James, and Samuel Merrill. 1999. “Modeling Party Strategies and Policy Representation in Multiparty Elections: Why Are Strategies So Extreme?” American Journal of Political Science 43 (3): 765–91.
Ancu, Monica, and Raluca Cozma. 2009. “MySpace Politics: Uses and Gratifications of Befriending Candidates.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53 (4): 567–83.
Balmas, Meital, Gideon Rahat, Tamir Sheafer, and Shaul R. Shenhav. 2014. “Two Routes to Personalized Politics: Centralized and Decentralized Personalization.” Party Politics 20 (1): 37–51.
Bichard, Shannon L. 2006. “Building Blogs: A Multi-dimensional Analysis of the Distribution of Frames on the 2004 Presidential Candidate Web Sites.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 83 (2): 329–45.
Bimber, Bruce. 2014. “Digital Media in the Obama Campaigns of 2008 and 2012: Adaptation to the Personalized Political Communication Environment.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 11 (2): 130–50.
Bjerling, Johannes. 2011. “Three Dimensions of Personalization: Why They Are Necessary and How They Could Be Used.” Paper presented at the ECPR General conference, Reykjavík.
Blumler, Jay, and Dennis Kavanagh. 1999. “The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features.” Political Communication 16 (3): 209–30.
Bode, Leticia. 2016. “Political News in the News Feed: Learning Politics from Social Media.” Mass Communication and Society 19 (1): 24–48.
Bor, Stephanie. 2014. “Using Social Network Sites to Improve Communication Between Political Campaigns and Citizens in the 2012 Election.” American Behavioral Scientist 58 (9): 1195–213.
Brady, Henry, and Richard Johnston. 2006. Capturing Campaign Effects. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Campus, Donatella. 2010. “The Personalization of Politics: A Study of Parliamentary Democracies.” Political Communication 27 (4): 476–78.
Carey, John, and Matthew Soberg Shugart. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14 (4): 417–39.
Child, Dennis. 2006. The Essentials of Factor Analysis. London: A&C Black.
Coleman, Stephen. 2005. “The Lonely Citizen: Indirect Representation in an Age of Networks.” Political Communication 22 (2): 197–214.
Costello, Anna, and Jason Osborne. 2005. “Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis.” Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 10 (7): 1–9.
Crisp, Brian, Kathryn Jensen, and Yael Shomer. 2007. “Magnitude and Vote Seeking.” Electoral Studies 26 (4): 727–34.
D’alessio, Dave. 1997. “Use of the World Wide Web in the 1996 US Election.” Electoral Studies 16 (4): 489–500.
Davis, Fred. 1989. “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology.” MIS Quarterly: 319–40.
De Winter, Lieven, and Marleen Brans. 2003. “Belgium: Political Professionals and the Crisis of the Party State.” In The Political Class in Advanced Democracies, edited by Jens Borchert and Jürgen Zeiss, 45–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Winter, Lieven, and Pierre Baudewyns. 2015. “Candidate Centred Campaigning in a Party Centred Context: The Case of Belgium.” Electoral Studies 39: 295–305.
Edelman, Murray. 1988. Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Engeli, Isabelle, and Georg Lutz. 2012. “When Women Campaign, Do They Win?” Paper presented at the Second International Conference on the Comparative Candidate Study, Mannheim, January.
Enli, Gunn. 2017. “Twitter as Arena for the Authentic Outsider: Exploring the Social Media Campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US Presidential Election.” European Journal of Communication 32 (1): 50–61.
Fiers, Stefaan. 2009. De spelregels van de democratie: kiesstelsels en publieke systemen in Europa: Brussels: ASP/VUBPRESS/UPA.
Foot, Kirsten, Steven Schneider, Michael Xenos, and Meghan Dougherty. 2009. “Candidates’ Web Practices in the 2002 US House, Senate, and Gubernatorial Elections.” Journal of Political Marketing 8 (2): 147–67.
Gallagher, Michael, Michael Laver, and Peter Mair. 2011. Representative Government in Modern Europe. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gibson, Rachel, Andrea Römmele, and Andy Williamson. 2014. “Chasing the Digital Wave: International Perspectives on the Growth of Online Campaigning.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11 (2): 123–29.
Giebler, Heiko, and Andreas M. Wüst. 2011. “Campaigning on an Upper Level? Individual Campaigning in the 2009 European Parliament Elections in Its Determinants.” Electoral Studies 30 (1): 53–66.
Herring, Susan. 2008. “Questioning the Generational Divide: Technological Exoticism and Adult Constructions of Online Youth Identity.” In Youth, Identity, and Digital Media, edited by David Buckingham, 71–94. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Hoffmann, Christian Pieter, Anne Suphan, and Miriam Meckel. 2016. “The Impact of Use Motives on Politicians’ Social Media Adoption.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13 (3): 239–56.
Ilegems, Michael. 2014. “De virtuele verkiezingsstrijd: Hoe de Vlaamse partijen campagne voeren via internet.” Knack, 8 February 2014. http://www.knack.be/nieuws/technologie/de-virtuele-verkiezingsstrijd-hoe-de-vlaamse-partijen-campagne-voeren-via-internet/article-normal-127917.html.
Jankowski, Nicholas, and Randolph Kluver. 2007. “Introducing the Internet and Elections Project.” In The Internet and National Elections, 19–31. London and New York: Routledge.
Jarvis, Sharon E., and Kristen Wilkerson. 2005. “Congress on the Internet: Messages on the Homepages of the US House of Representatives, 1996 and 2001.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10 (2): JCMC1024.
Jungherr, Andreas, Harald Schoen, and Pascal Jürgens. 2015. “The Mediation of Politics Through Twitter: An Analysis of Messages Posted During the Campaign for the German Federal Election 2013.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 21 (1): 50–68.
Karvonen, Lauri. 2004. “Preferential Voting: Incidence and Effects.” International Political Science Review 25 (2): 203–26.
Karvonen, Lauri. 2010. The Personalisation of Politics: A Study of Parliamentary Democracies. Colchester: ECPR Press.
Lawson-Borders, Gracie, and Rita Kirk. 2005. “Blogs in Campaign Communication.” American Behavioral Scientist 49 (4): 548–59.
Lilleker, Darren, and Nigel Jackson. 2013. Political Campaigning, Elections and the Internet: Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany. Vol. 4. Abingdon: Routledge.
Maddens, Bart, and Gert-Jan Put. 2013. “Office Effects and Campaign Spending in a Semi-open List PR System: The Belgian/Flemish Federal and Regional Elections 1999–2010.” Electoral Studies 32 (4): 852–63.
Maddens, Bart, Bram Wauters, Jo Noppe, and Stefaan Fiers. 2006. “Effects of Campaign Spending in an Open List PR System: The 2003 Legislative Elections in Flanders/Belgium.” West European Politics 29 (1): 161–68.
Marcinkowski, Frank, and Julia Metag. 2014. “Why Do Candidates Use Online Media in Constituency Campaigning? An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 11 (2): 151–68.
Margolis, Michael, and David Resnick. 2000. Politics as Usual. Vol. 6. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Massanari, Adrienne, and Philip Howard. 2011. “Information Technologies and Omnivorous News Diets over Three US Presidential Elections.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 8 (2): 177–98.
McAllister, Ian. 2012. “The Personalisation of Politics: A Study of Parliamentary Democracies.” Australian Journal of Political Science 47 (3): 523–24.
Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2000. “News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens Are Guided By a Trusted Source.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 301–15.
Mourao, Rachel, Joseph Yoo, Stephanie Geise, Jose Andres Araiza, Danielle Kilgo, Victoria Chen, and Thomas Johnson. 2015. “European Public Sphere| Online News, Social Media and European Union Attitudes: A Multidimensional Analysis.” International Journal of Communication 9: 24.
Norris, Pippa. 2000. A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa. 2004. Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Passarelli, Gianluca. 2015. The Presidentialization of Political Parties: Organizations, Institutions and Leaders. Berlin: Springer.
Pedersen, Karina, and Jo Saglie. 2005. “New Technology in Ageing Parties: Internet Use in Danish and Norwegian Parties.” Party Politics 11 (3): 359–77.
Plasser, Fritz, and Gunda Plasser. 2002. Global Political Campaigning: A Worldwide Analysis of Campaign Professionals and Their Practices. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Römmele, Andrea. 2003. “Political Parties, Party Communication and New Information and Communication Technologies.” Party Politics 9 (1): 7–20.
Schweitzer, Eva Johanna. 2012. “The Mediatization of E-Campaigning: Evidence from German Party Websites in State, National, and European Parliamentary Elections 2002–2009.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17 (3): 283–302.
Selb, Peter, and Georg Lutz. 2015. “Lone Fighters: Intraparty Competition, Interparty Competition, and Candidates’ Vote Seeking Efforts in Open-Ballot PR Elections.” Electoral Studies 39: 329–37.
Serazio, Michael. 2014. “The New Media Designs of Political Consultants: Campaign Production in a Fragmented Era.” Journal of Communication 64 (4): 743–63.
Sreberny, Annabelle, and Liesbet van Zoonen. 2000. Gender, Politics and Communication. New York: Hampton Press.
Strandberg, Kim. 2009. “Online Campaigning: An Opening for the Outsiders? An Analysis of Finnish Parliamentary Candidates’ Websites in the 2003 Election Campaign.” New Media & Society 11 (5): 835–54.
Tapscott, Don. 1998. Growing Up Digital. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Trent, Judith, and Robert Friedenberg. 2008. Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Van Aelst, Peter, Tamir Sheafer, and James Stanyer. 2012. “The Personalization of Mediated Political Communication: A Review of Concepts, Operationalizations and Key Findings.” Journalism 13 (2): 203–20.
Van Liefferinge, Hilde. 2012. “Gezocht: z/d met talent. De rol van familiepolitisering in het hedendaags politieke rekruteringsproces.” PhD dissertation, Ghent University.
Van Zoonen, Liesbet. 2006. “The Personal, the Political and the Popular: A Woman’s Guide to Celebrity Politics.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 9 (3): 287–301.
Xenos, Michael, Timothy Macafee, and Antoinette Pole. 2017. “Understanding Variations in User Response to Social Media Campaigns: A Study of Facebook Posts in the 2010 US Elections.” New Media & Society 19 (6): 826–42.
Yamamoto, Masahiro, Matthew J. Kushin, and Francis Dalisay. 2015. “Social Media and Mobiles as Political Mobilization Forces for Young Adults: Examining the Moderating Role of Online Political Expression in Political Participation.” New Media & Society 17 (6): 880–98.
Zittel, Thomas. 2009. “Lost in Technology? Political Parties and the Online Campaigns of Constituency Candidates in Germany’s Mixed Member Electoral System.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 6 (3–4): 298–311.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix
Appendix
See Table 6.7.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cogels, M., Baudewyns, P. (2019). Campaigning and Candidates: Different Strategies for Different Candidates. In: Vandeleene, A., De Winter, L., Baudewyns, P. (eds) Candidates, Parties and Voters in the Belgian Partitocracy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96460-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96460-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96459-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-96460-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)