Abstract
Over the past decade, the exponential growth in the production of biomass for energy use has raised concerns as to the environmental impacts of this type of land use, as well as the potential land-use changes (LUC) associated with an extension of agricultural land areas. Determining the environmental impacts of an expanding bioenergy sector requires reconstructing the chains of cause and effect from the determinants of land-use change (both direct and indirect) and land-use practices through to the impacts of those practices. Conducting an exhaustive literature review from 1975 to 2014, we identified 241 articles relevant to this causal chain, thus enabling an analysis of the environmental impacts of LUC for bioenergy. This chapter presents the results of a detailed literature analysis and literature review of the 52 articles within this corpus specifically addressing impacts on soils. The variation in soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most commonly used impact indicator, followed by soil loss to erosion and, to a lesser extent, the potential for environmental acidification as determined by life-cycle assessments. Background and transitional SOC levels during LUC affect the predictive value of estimated final SOC variations but are not generally accounted for in default static stock-difference approaches. Perennial crops tend to be better at maintaining or even improving SOC levels, but results vary according to pedoclimatic and agronomic conditions. The mechanisms involved notably include protection of the soil surface with a dense perennial cover and the limitation of tillage operations, especially deep plowing; accumulation of organic matter and SOC linked to biomass production, especially belowground production of rhizomes and deep, dense root systems; associated reductions in nutrient loss via runoff and erosion. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to improve our understanding of and ability to model the full range of processes underlying soil quality and LUC impacts on soil quality.
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Notes
- 1.
The statistical approach applied was a linear model with mixed effects.
- 2.
Some methods also characterize aquatic acidification (e.g. IMPACT+2002), in which other substances are involved (e.g. phosphorous). Due to a lack of precision in some cases, acidification is commonly understood to mean “terrestrial acidification,” and was correlated as a soil impact in the experts’ analysis of the corpus.
- 3.
International Reference Life Cycle Data System
- 4.
According to the stock-difference approach detailed in Sect. 4.3.2.1.
- 5.
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/12-051.htm, last consulted January 15, 2017.
- 6.
- 7.
Metherell et al. 1993.
- 8.
Environmental Policy Integrated Climatic (EPIC) model (Williams 1990), previously known as Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator: http://epicapex.tamu.edu/files/2013/02/epic0509usermanualupdated.pdf
- 9.
- 10.
Argonne National Laboratory’s Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET™): GREET1_2012. http://greet.es.anl.gov/main
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
SWAT literature database, https://www.card.iastate.edu/swat_articles/, last consulted January 15, 2017.
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Acknowledgments
This study was completed as part of a project financed by ADEME (the French Agency for Energy and the Environment) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, under contract #12-60-C0004. The author would like to thank everyone involved with the project, including Sophie Le Perchec (INRA Rennes) for the literature search and all the scientists who reviewed the articles in the full corpus: Laure Bamière (INRA Grignon), Aude Barbottin (INRA Grignon), Valentin Bellassen (INRA Dijon), Martial Bernoux (IRD Montpellier), Cécile Bessou (CIRAD Montpellier), Antonio Bispo (ADEME Angers), François Chiron (AgroParisTech, Orsay), Stéphane De Cara (INRA Grignon), Patrice Dumas (CIRAD Montpellier), Guillaume Décocq (Univ. Picardie Jules-Vernes, Amiens), Jean-François Dhôte (INRA Nancy), Monia El Akkari (INRA Paris), Nathalie Frascaria (AgroParisTech, Orsay), Sabrina Gaba (INRA Dijon), Benoît Gabrielle (AgroParisTech, Grignon), Philippe Lescoat (AgroParisTech, Paris), David Makowski (INRA Grignon), Olivier Réchauchère (INRA Paris), and Julie Wohlfahrt (INRA Mirecourt).
The author would also like to thank two anonymous readers for their insightful comments, which made it possible to improve the quality of this article.
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Bessou, C. (2018). Review of the Impacts on Soils of Land-Use Changes Induced by Non-food Biomass Production. In: Réchauchère, O., Bispo, A., Gabrielle, B., Makowski, D. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 30. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 30. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96289-4_4
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