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Chondrichthyan Evolution, Diversity, and Senses

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Heads, Jaws, and Muscles

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

Abstract

Chondrichthyans are one of two major clades of living jawed vertebrates, with a rich fossil record potentially extending back to the Late Ordovician (455 million years ago, mya). The main groups of chondrichthyans include the chimaeroids, sharks, and skates and rays. This chapter outlines the major events in chondrichthyan evolution, focusing on features of the cranium, jaw and jaw musculature, and gill arch skeleton. The “spiny sharks” (acanthodians) and other stem chondrichthyans have recently been shown to exhibit a mosaic of chondrichthyan and osteichthyan characters. Taxa such as iniopterygians and chondrenchelyiforms, resolved as stem group chimaeroids, appear in the Carboniferous and display dramatic body forms and unusual fin morphology. Chondrichthyans also show a considerable range of dentitions, both in terms of morphology and development, particularly modified in the chimaeroids. In addition to their differing tooth morphologies, chondrichthyans have several types of jaw suspensions to support a range of feeding and breathing modes. Sharks have well-developed brains that vary according to the environment rather than phylogeny. Their senses are also well-developed and finely tuned to best perform in their particular ecological niche. The long evolutionary history of chondrichthyans and their great diversity as well as the retention of some primitive characters make them good models for evolutionary and developmental studies.

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Change history

  • 15 May 2019

    This book was inadvertently published with an mistake in Figure 4.2 as the hybodont sharks are drawn as becoming extinct in the miocene when in fact they became extinct in the late cretaceous in Chapter 4.

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Acknowledgments

CB is supported by the Curtin Research Fellowship and the Australia Research Council grant DP 160104427 and KT by DP140104161. We thank the Western Australian Museum and the Natural History Museum for access to specimens. We wish to thank Alan Pradel, Tom Lisney, and an anonymous reviewer for improving the manuscript. We wish to thank Janine Ziermann, Rui Diogo, and Raul Diaz Jr for inviting us to contribute to this volume.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia

    Catherine A. Boisvert & Kate Trinajstic

  2. Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Peter Johnston

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK

    Zerina Johanson

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  1. Catherine A. Boisvert
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  4. Zerina Johanson
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Correspondence to Zerina Johanson .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC, DC, USA

    Janine M. Ziermann

  2. Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA, USA

    Raul E. Diaz Jr

  3. Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC, DC, USA

    Rui Diogo

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Boisvert, C.A., Johnston, P., Trinajstic, K., Johanson, Z. (2019). Chondrichthyan Evolution, Diversity, and Senses. In: Ziermann, J., Diaz Jr, R., Diogo, R. (eds) Heads, Jaws, and Muscles. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93560-7_4

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