Abstract
The breast, a modified sweat gland and target for different hormones, lies on the anterior chest wall over the pectoralis major muscle and has the specialized function of feeding the newborn infant. The breast displays various morphologic alteration throughout the reproductive life cycle (menarche, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause, in addition to maternal hormonal effects in utero). By understanding its normal morphology, normal changes, and immunohistochemical profile, breast pathologists are better able to identify and diagnose breast lesions, also by using ancillary examinations. A variety of abnormalities can occur during the development of the breast, most of which can be easily corrected with the help of cosmetic surgery.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Schnitt SJ, Collins L. Biopsy interpretation of the breast. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. p. 1.
Giacometti L, Montagna W. The nipple and the areola of the human female breast. Anat Rec. 1962;144:191–7.
Stirling JW, Chandler JA. The fine structure of ducts and subareolar ducts in the resting gland of the female breast. Virchow Arch. 1977;373:119–32.
Catalano PM, Ioannides G. Areolar sebaceous hyperplasia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13:867–8.
Chiriac A, Moldovan C, Coros MF, Podoleanu C, Moncea D, Stolnicu S. Bilateral areolar sebaceous hyperplasia in a post-menopausal woman. Eur J Dermatol. 2016;26(3):299–300.
Cserni G. Benign apocrine papillary lesions of the breast lacking or virtually lacking myoepithelial cells—potential pitfalls in diagnosing malignancy. APMIS. 2012;120(3):249–52.
Rosen PP. Rosen’s breast pathology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. p. 8.
Moinfar F. Essentials of diagnostic breast pathology. New York, NY: Springer; 2007. p. 236.
Tavassoli FA. Pathology of the breast. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1999.
Rees TD. Mammary asymmetry. Clin Plast Surg. 1975;2:371–4.
Zilli L, Stefani G. Unilateral agenesis of the pectoralis muscle associated with mammary hypoplasia. Friuli Med. 1960;15:1522–30.
Breslau-Siderius EJ, Toonstra J, Baart JA, Koppeschar HP, Maassen JA, Beemer FA. Ectodermal dysplasia, lipoatrophy, diabetes mellitus and amastia. A second case of AREDYLD syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1992;44:374–7.
Trier WC. Complete breast absence. Case report and review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1965;36:431–9.
Wolf Y, Pauzner D, Groutz A, Walman I, David MP. Gigantomastia complicating pregnancy. Case report and review of the literature. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74:159–63.
Lui A, Karter D, Turett G. Another case of breast hypertrophy in a patient treated with indinavir. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:1482.
Levy RL. Adenocarcinoma of the mammary chain. Breast Dis. 1994;7:383–6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stolnicu, S. (2018). Histology of the Normal Breast, Normal Changes, and Abnormalities of Breast Development. In: Stolnicu, S., Alvarado-Cabrero, I. (eds) Practical Atlas of Breast Pathology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93257-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93257-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93256-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93257-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)