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Macroalgae

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Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 12))

Abstract

Macroalgae in mesophotic coral ecosystems are generally understudied compared to corals and fishes yet may be more abundant than coral-dominated reefs given their lower depth limits (> 200 m) and ability to grow over soft and hard bottom habitats. These assemblages are abundant and diverse globally, with changing species composition with increasing depth. Ubiquitous macroalgal assemblages include the red algal rhodolith beds and nongeniculate and Peyssonneliales assemblages; green algal Halimeda beds, meadows, and bioherms and Caulerpa spp. beds; and brown algal Lobophora spp. or Distromium spp. beds, Sargassum spp., and kelps. The use of molecular techniques is elucidating macroalgal diversity and rates of endemism, and molecular data and phylogenetic analyses often show strong cryptic diversity or pseudodiversity when compared with morphoanatomical analyses. Mesophotic macroalgae are important as habitat and may serve as seedbanks or refugia for ecosystem resilience following environmental stress. Invasive algal blooms may be deleterious, particularly with the removal of native herbivores or increasing nutrients. Geomorphologically, calcified species such as rhodoliths and Halimeda spp. are significant global producers of calcium carbonate. Abiotic factors influencing the abundance and distribution of mesophotic macroalgae include temperature, water clarity, nutrients, and currents. In general, threats include rhodolith mining, oil spills, sedimentation, ocean acidification, invasive species, bottom trawling, and eutrophication. The impacts of global warming at mesophotic depths are unknown. Future studies should focus on collections for molecular analyses to evaluate population-level dynamics and connectivity between shallow and mesophotic depths and in situ manipulations to determine competitive interactions and ecophysiological processes in these low-light environments.

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Acknowledgments

Funding and support for H. Spalding was from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research (NA07NOS4780188, NA07NOS4780187, NA07NOS478190, NA07NOS4780189), NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (NA05OAR4301108, NA09OAR4300219), NOAA’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument), NOAA Undersea Research Program’s Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL; HC07-11 and HC08-06), NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the Benioff family, National Science Foundation (DEB-1754117), State of Hawaiʻi Division of Aquatic Resources, and Hawaiʻi Coral Reef Initiative. We also appreciate the assistance of the officers and crew of NOAA SHIP Hi‘ialakai, R/V Kaʻimikai-O-Kanaloa, the Pisces IV and V submersibles, and macroalgal collectors Randy Kosaki, Daniel Wagner, Jason Leonard, Brian Hauk, Keo Lopes, Kelly Gleason, Hadley Owen, Greg McFall, and Matt Ross. Financial support to G.M. Amado-Filho and R.G. Bahia was provided by the Brazilian National Science Agency (CNPq), Brazilian IODP Program (CAPES/MEC), P&D Program ANP/Brasoil (48610.011015/2014-55) and research grants from FAPERJ and CNPq. M. Slattery thanks Deb Gochfeld, Elizabeth Kintzing, and Michael Lesser for assistance in the field, and NSF Bio Oce, NOAA NIUST, and NOAA OER for funding. W. Nelson acknowledges funding from NIWA SSIF Marine Biological Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, and NZ Ministry for Primary Industries Biodiversity Research Advisory Group. S. Fredericq greatly acknowledges financial support from NSF research grants DEB-0315995, DEB-1045690, DEB-1456674, DEB-1754504 and thanks the crew of the R/V Pelican for their help with sampling protocols aboard ship and her close research collaborators William Schmidt, Thomas Sauvage, Sherry Krayesky-Self, Joseph Richards, Olga Camacho, Natalia Arakaki, James Norris, Emma Hickerson and Darryl Felder. D. Ballantine acknowledges support by the NOAA Coastal Ocean Program under awards NA17OP2919 and NA06NOS4780190 to the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez. Our appreciation to Richard Pyle, Kimberly Puglise, Michael Graham, and two anonymous reviewers for improving this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Heather L. Spalding

  2. Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Gilberto M. Amado-Filho & Ricardo G. Bahia

  3. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, USA

    David L. Ballantine

  4. Department of Botany, U.S. Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA

    David L. Ballantine

  5. Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA

    Suzanne Fredericq

  6. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA

    James J. Leichter

  7. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand

    Wendy A. Nelson

  8. School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Wendy A. Nelson

  9. Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

    Marc Slattery

  10. Herbarium Pacificum, Botany, Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Roy T. Tsuda

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Correspondence to Heather L. Spalding .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Yossi Loya

  2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Kimberly A. Puglise

  3. Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Tom C.L. Bridge

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Spalding, H.L. et al. (2019). Macroalgae. In: Loya, Y., Puglise, K., Bridge, T. (eds) Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_29

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