Abstract
In this chapter, we summarize our research on the development of health risk communications and focus on four lessons we have learned from doing so: (1) Effective communications must be accessible and actionable to the intended audience; (2) effective communications must use an appropriate delivery method; (3) effective communications must be pretested and evaluated prior to wide-scale rollout; and (4) effective communication design and evaluation requires interdisciplinary teams. While the examples provided in this chapter focus on the health domain, we believe that the four lessons outlined here will be helpful to those who wish to implement effective risk communications to a wide range of target audiences on a broad set of applied topics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Angulo, F. J., Tippen, S., Sharp, D. J., Payne, B. J., Collier, C., Hill, J. E., … Swerdlow, D. L. (1997). A community waterborne outbreak of salmonellosis and the effectiveness of a boil water order. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 580–584.
Bandura, A. (2000). Self-efficacy: The foundation of agency. In W. J. Perrig & A. Grob (Eds.), Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness. Essays in the honor of the 60th birthday of August Flammer (pp. 17–33). Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Barrio, P. J., Goldstein, D. G., & Hofman, J. M. (2016, May 7–12). Improving comprehension of numbers in the news. In Association for computing machinery conference on human factors in computing systems, San Jose, CA.
Bearman, P. S., & Brueckner, H. (2001). Virginity pledges and first intercourse. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 859–912.
Biggs, M. A., & Foster, D. G. (2013). Misunderstanding the risk of conception from unprotected and protected sex. Womens Health Issues, 23(1), e47–e53.
Brückner, H., & Bearman, P. (2005). After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(4), 271–278.
Bruine de Bruin, W., Downs, J. S., & Fischhoff, B. (2007). Adolescents’ thinking about the risks and benefits of sexual behavior. In M. C. Lovett & P. Shah (Eds.), Thinking with data (pp. 421–439). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bruine de Bruin, W., Fischhoff, B., Brilliant, L., & Caruso, D. (2006). Expert judgments of pandemic influenza risks. Global Public Health, 1(2), 179–194.
Cvetkovich, G., & Lofstedt, R. E. (2013). Social trust and the management of risk. London: Routledge.
Daraz, L., Macdermid, J. C., Wilkins, S., Gibson, J., & Shaw, L. (2011). The quality of websites addressing fibromyalgia: An assessment of quality and readability using standardized tools. British Medical Journal – Open, 1, 1–10.
Davis, A. L., & Krishnamurti, T. (2013). The problems and solutions of predicting participation in energy efficiency programs. Applied Energy, 111, 277–287.
Davis, A. L., Krishnamurti, T., Fischhoff, B., & Bruine de Bruin, W. (2013). Setting a standard for electricity pilot studies. Energy Policy, 62, 401–409.
Davis, T. C., Bocchini, J. A., Jr., Fredrickson, D., Arnold, C., Mayeaux, E. J., Murphy, P. W., … Patterson, M. (1996). Parent comprehension of polio vaccine information pamphlets. Pediatrics, 97, 804–810.
Davis, T. C., Wolf, M. S., Bass, P. F., Middlebrooks, M., Kennen, E., Baker, D. W., & Parker, R. M. (2006). Low literacy impairs comprehension of prescription drug warning labels. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 847–851.
Downs, J. S., Bruine de Bruin, W., & Fischhoff, B. (2008). Parents’ vaccination comprehension and decisions. Vaccine, 26, 1595–1607.
Downs, J. S., Murray, P. J., Bruine de Bruin, W., White, J. P., Palmgren, C., & Fischhoff, B. (2004). An interactive video program to reduce adolescent females’ STD risk: A randomized controlled trial. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 1561–1572.
Dranove, D., Kessler, D., McClellan, M., & Satterthwaite, M. (2002). Is more information better? The effects of report cards’ on health care providers (No. w8697). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ericsson, K. A., & Fox, M. C. (2011). Thinking aloud is not a form of introspection but a qualitatively different methodology: Reply to Schooler (2011). Psychological Bulletin, 137, 351–354.
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406.
Fagerlin, A., Zikmund-Fisher, B. J., & Ubel, P. A. (2007). “If I’m better than average, then I’m ok?”: Comparative information influences beliefs about risk and benefits. Patient Education and Counseling, 69, 140–144.
Fischhoff, B., Brewer, N., & Downs, J. S. (2012). Communicating risks and benefits: An evidence based user’s guide. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration.
Fischhoff, B., Bruine de Bruin, W., Güvenç, U., Brilliant, L., & Caruso, D. (2006). Analyzing disaster risks and plans: An Avian Flu Example. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 33, 131–149.
Gould, J. D., & Lewis, C. (1985). Designing for usability: Key principles and what designers think. Communications of the ACM, 28(3), 300–311.
Halperin, D. T. (1999). Heterosexual anal intercourse: Prevalence, cultural factors, and HIV infection and other health risks part 1. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 13, 717–730.
Isaković, M., Sedlar, U., Volk, M., & Bešter, J. (2016). Usability pitfalls of diabetes mHealth apps for the elderly. Journal of Diabetes Research. vol. 2016, 1604609.
Kesselheim, A. S., Woloshin, S., Eddings, W., Franklin, J. M., Ross, K. M., & Schwartz, L. M. (2016). Physicians’ knowledge about FDA approval standards and perceptions of the “breakthrough therapy” designation. JAMA, 315, 1516–1518.
Kirby, D. B. (2008). The impact of abstinence and comprehensive sex and STD/HIV education programs on adolescent sexual behavior. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 5, 18–27.
Kohler, P. K., Manhart, L. E., & Lafferty, W. E. (2008). Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 344–351.
Krishnamurti, T., & Argo, N. (2016). A patient-centered approach to informed consent results from a survey and randomized trial. Medical Decision Making, 36(6), 726–740.
Krishnamurti, T., Davis, A., Wong-Parodi, G., Fischhoff, B., Sadovsky, Y., & Simhan, Y. (2017). MyHealthyPregnancy: A feasibility pilot of a behavioral decision research-based tool for assessing and communicating pregnancy risk. JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth. 5(4): e42.
Krishnamurti, T., Eggers, S. L., & Fischhoff, B. (2008). The impact of over-the-counter availability of‚ “Plan B” on teens’ contraceptive decision making. Social Science & Medicine, 67(4), 618–627.
Krishnamurti, T., Woloshin, S., Schwartz, L. M., & Fischhoff, B. (2015). A randomized trial testing US Food and Drug Administration “breakthrough” language. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(11), 1856–1858.
Kujala, S. (2003). User involvement: A review of the benefits and challenges. Behaviour & Information Technology, 22, 1–16.
LaPalombara, J. (2001). Power and politics in organizations: Public and private sector comparisons. In M. Dierkes, A. B. Antal, J. Child, & I. Nonaka (Eds.), Handbook of organizational learning and knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mathematica Policy Research. (2007). Impacts of four title V, Section 510 abstinence education programs. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED496286.pdf
Mathematica Policy Research. (2010). Identifying programs that impact teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and associated sexual risk behaviors. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/oah-initiatives/webinars/evreviewweb2011.pdf
McGaw, S., & Sturmey, P. (1989). The effects of text readability and summary exercises on parental knowledge of behaviour therapy: The portage parent readings. Educational Psychology, 9(2), 127–132.
Morgan, M. G., Fischhoff, B., Bostrom, A., & Atman, C. J. (2002). Risk communication: A mental models approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Neuhauser, L., & Paul, K. (2011). Readability, comprehension, and usability. In B. Fischhoff, N. T. Brewert, & J. S. Downs (Eds.), Communicating risks and benefits: An evidence-based user’s guide (pp. 129–148). Silver Spring, MD: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Overland, J. E., Hoskins, P. L., McGill, M. J., & Yue, D. K. (1993). Low literacy: A problem in diabetes education. Diabetic Medicine, 10(9), 847–850.
Paashe-Orlow, M. K., Taylor, H. A., & Brancati, F. L. (2003). Readability standards for informed-consent forms as compared with actual readability. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 721–726.
Pew Research Center. (2015a). Spring 2015 global attitudes survey. Retrieved from Pew Research Center http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/06/23/spring-2015-survey/
Pew Research Center. (2015b). The smartphone difference. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Pittet, D. (2001). Compliance with hand disinfection and its impact on hospital-acquired infections. Journal of Hospital Infections, 48, S40–S46.
Santelli, J., Ott, M. A., Lyon, M., Rogers, J., Summers, D., & Schleifer, J. D. (2006). Abstinence and abstinence-only education: A review of US policies and programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 72–81.
Schuster, M. A., Bell, R. M., Berry, S. H., & Kanouse, D. E. (1998). Impact of a high school condom availability program on sexual attitudes and behaviors. Family Planning Perspectives, 30, 67–72.
Schwartz, D., Fischhoff, B., Krishnamurti, T., & Sowell, F. (2013). The Hawthorne effect and energy awareness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 15242–15246.
Shaklee, H., & Fischhoff, B. (1990). The psychology of contraceptive surprises: Cumulative risk and contraceptive effectiveness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(5), 385–403.
Smith, S. K., Trevena, L., Nutbeam, D., Barratt, A., & McCaffery, K. J. (2008). Information needs and preferences of low and high literacy consumers for decisions about colorectal cancer screening: Utilizing a linguistic model. Health Expectations, 11, 123–136.
Spiegelhalter, D., & Pearson, M. (2009). Understanding uncertainty: 2845 ways of spinning risk. Retrieved January 13, 2017, from https://plus.maths.org/content/understanding-uncertainty-2845-ways-spinning-risk-0
Underhill, K., Montgomery, P., & Operario, D. (2007). Sexual abstinence only programmes to prevent HIV infection in high income countries: Systematic review. BMJ, 335(7613), 248.
US Food and Drug Administration. (1996). Guidance for industry E6 good clinical practice: consolidated guidance. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/ucm073122.pdf
US Food and Drug Administration. (2012). Safety and Innovation Act, 21 USC 356 § 3187.
Wong-Parodi, G., & Strauss, B. H. (2014). Team science for science communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 13658–13663.
Zikmund-Fisher, B. J., Witteman, H. O., Fuhrel-Forbis, M. A., Exe, N. L., Kahn, V. C., & Dickson, M. (2012). Animated graphics for comparing two risks: A cautionary tale. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14, e106.
.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Krishnamurti, T., Bruine de Bruin, W. (2018). Developing Health Risk Communications: Four Lessons Learned. In: Raue, M., Lermer, E., Streicher, B. (eds) Psychological Perspectives on Risk and Risk Analysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92478-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92478-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92476-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92478-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)