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CAR-T Cell Immune Therapy: Engineering T Cells to Treat Cancer

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Biotechnology Products in Everyday Life

Part of the book series: EcoProduction ((ECOPROD))

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Abstract

Immunotherapy is a combination of therapeutic strategies that make use of a patient’s immune system to confront tumors. Over the past few years, immunotherapy has evolved as a crucial therapeutic program to manage some types of cancer. Our immune system is a collection of cells and tissues which perform the specialized function of defending our body against foreign pathogens. Although our immune system is designed to combat foreign agents that pose a threat, it often fails to detect and eradicate tumor cells because tumor cells have evolved complex genetic adaptive mechanisms that help them evade the immune surveillance program. In order to overcome this obstacle and in order to improve tumor cell detection and eradication by the immune system, researchers have developed a novel therapeutic treatment strategy called chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T cell therapy). T cells are immune cells that play a key role in shielding our body against foreign pathogens by mounting a potent immune response that ultimately eradicates abnormal cells. In brief, CAR-T cell therapy involves the isolation of T cells from patient blood, genetically altering the T cells to express receptors on their surface that specifically can bind to antigens present on the tumor cell, proliferating them in the laboratory to make millions of cells and finally, injecting back into the patient. T cells genetically manipulated in this manner harbor the capacity of multiplying inside the patient’s body and can also eradicate tumor cells that express surface antigens specifically recognized by the engineered receptor. It took researchers all around the globe several years of research to have CAR-T cell therapy approved in August 2017 for the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). So far, CAR-T cell therapy has shown extremely promising results in patient populations, especially for patients who have developed chemo-resistance. The scope of this chapter is to provide a broad and general idea about all the different aspects of CAR-T cell therapy that are essential for the application of this therapeutic strategy to combat cancer. Some of these key features include selection of a specific tumor antigen to target, developing a strong co-stimulatory signaling strategy to elicit a potent immune response, enhancing the migratory properties of CAR-T cells so that they can localize to tumor sites, and finally, engineering T cells in a manner so that they can effectively proliferate and eliminate tumor cells. In conclusion, CAR-T cells hold tremendous potential for the treatment of cancer and have shown promising results in clinical trials.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA

    Sohinee Bhattacharyya

  2. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA

    Anindit Mukherjee

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  1. Sohinee Bhattacharyya
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  2. Anindit Mukherjee
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Correspondence to Sohinee Bhattacharyya .

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  1. Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Menka Khoobchandani

  2. AAPT Foundation, Aurangabad, India

    Arpita Saxena

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Bhattacharyya, S., Mukherjee, A. (2019). CAR-T Cell Immune Therapy: Engineering T Cells to Treat Cancer. In: Khoobchandani, M., Saxena, A. (eds) Biotechnology Products in Everyday Life. EcoProduction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92399-4_7

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