Skip to main content

Clinically Relevant Mycoses Dermatomycoses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinically Relevant Mycoses

Abstract

The term dermatomycoses comprises superficial fungal infections of the skin and their appendages like the hair follicles and the nail apparatus. These superficial mycoses may be caused by dermatophytes or yeasts and, to a less extend, by moulds. These infections are of high importance in medical disciplines not only for the dermatologist but also for physician and the paediatrician and of course for the patients affected. With regard to the treatment of these fungal infections, the costs of topical antifungals will surpass topical corticosteroids in the healthcare system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gruby D (1841) Memoire sur une vegetation qui constitue la vraie teigne. C R Acad Sci 13:72–75

    Google Scholar 

  2. Seeliger HPR (1985) The discovery of Achorion schoenleinii. Mykosen 28:161–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Castellani A (1910) Observations on new species of epidermophyton found in tinea cruris. Br J Dermatol 22:147–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Rippon JW (1985) The changing epidemiology and emerging patterns of dermatophyte species. Curr Top Med Mycol 1:208–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. De Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M, Packeu A, Stubbe D, Hendrickx M, Kupsch C, Stielow B, Freeke J, Göker M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mirhendi H, Gräser Y (2017) Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 182:5–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Schulze I, Koch D, Rahmig N, Hipler UC, Krüger C (2017) Tinea capitis and onychomycosis due to Trichophyton soudanense in siblings from Angola – successful treatment with fluconazole. Case reports in Germany and review of the literature. Hautarzt. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-018-4155-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Uhrlaß S, Schroedl W, Mehlhorn C, Krüger C, Hubka V, Maier T, Gräser Y, Paasch U, Nenoff P (2018) Molecular epidemiology of Trichophyton quinckeanum – a zoophilic dermatophyte on the rise. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 16(1):21–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. English M (1962) The saprophyte growth of keratinophilic fungi on keratin. Sabouraudia 2:115–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dahl MV (1987) Immunological resistance to dermatophyte infection. Adv Dermatol 2:305–320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dahl MV, Randall C (1986) Polymorphnuclear leukocytes, compliment and Trichophyton rubrum. J Invest Dermatol 86:138–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Swan JW, Dahl MV, Coppo PA, Hammerschmidt DE (1983) Compliment activation by Trichophyton rubrum. J Invest Dermatol 80:156–158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Elewski BE (1998) The superficial mycoses, the dermatophytoses, and select dermatomycosies. In: Cutaneous fungal infections, Sec. Edt. Blackwell Science, Malden, p 13–20

    Google Scholar 

  13. Nenoff P, Krüger C, Schaller J, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Schulte-Beerbühl R, Tietz HJ (2014) Mycology – an update. Part 2: dermatomycoses: clinical picture and diagnostics. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 12(9):749–777

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wan SJ, Lara-Corrales I (2018) An unresponsive rash to topical steroids: tinea incognito. Arch Dis Child 103(1):3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Seebacher C, Bouchara JP, Mignon B (2008) Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. Mycopathologia 166:335–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nenoff P, Fischer S, Schulze I, Krüger C (2017) Trichophyton rubrum syndrome and tinea incognita under immunosuppressive treatment with leflunomide and fumaric acid esters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris. Akt Dermatol 43:346–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Masri-Fridling GD (1996) Dermatophytosis of the feet. Dermatol Clin Cutaneous Mycol 14(1):33–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Mayser P (2012) Mykosen im Bereich der Leistenhaut von Händen und Füßen. Haut 23:2–6

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ferguson L, Fuller LC (2017) Spectrum and burden of dermatophytes in children. J Infect 74(Suppl 1):S54–S60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen W, Mempel M, Traidl-Hofmann C et al (2010) Gender aspects in skin diseases. JEADV 24(12):1378–1385

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zaraa I, Hawilo A, Trojjet S et al (2012) Tinea capitis in infants in their first 2 years of life: a 12-year study and a review of the literature. Dermatol Online J 18(7):16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Weger W, Ilkit M, Smolle J (2007) Epidemiology of tinea capitis in Europe: current state and changing patterns. Mycoses 50(Suppl 2):6–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wiegand C, Mugisha P, Mulyowa GK, Elsner P, Hipler UC, Gräser Y, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P (2016) Trichophyton violaceum – Haupterreger der Tinea capitis bei Kindern im Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda. Hautarzt 67:712–717

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ilkit M, Gümral R, Saracli MA, Burgut R (2011) Trichophyton tonsurans scalp carriage among wrestlers in a national competition in Turkey. Mycopathologia 172(3):215–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kawachi Y, Ikegami M, Takase T, Otsuka F (2010) Chronically recurrent and disseminated tinea faciei/corporis - autoinoculation from asymptomatic tinea capitis carriage. Pediatr Dermatol 27:527–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Silverman RA (1998) Pediatric mycoses-Tinea capitis. In: Cutaneous fungal infections, Sec. Edt. Blackwell Science, London, p 268–270

    Google Scholar 

  27. Nenoff P, Süß A, Staubach P, Anemüller A, Renner R, Uhrlaß S, Krüger C, Ginter-Hanselmayer G (2017) Tinea capitis bei Flüchtlingen und Migranten. Dtsch Dermatol 65(3):199–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Chen X et al (2016) Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children: an abridged cochrane review. J Am Acad Dermatol 76:368–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004685.pub3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fuller LC, Barton RC, Mohd Mustapa MF et al (2014) British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of Tinea capitis 2014. Br J Dermatol 171:454–463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wollina U, Hansel G, Uhrlaß S, Krüger C, Schönlebe J, Hipler UC, Nenoff P (2017) Deep facial mycosis in a diabetic patient caused by Trichophyton verrucosum – a case report and review of the literature. Mycoses 61(3):152–158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Nenoff P, Kurrat W, Propst E, Durrant-Finn U, Uhrlaß S, Weger W (2016) Tinea im Genitalbereich. Eine diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung. Hautarzt 67(9):689–699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C (2010) Rook’s textbook of dermatology, 8th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. Nenoff P, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Tietz HJ (2012) Fungal nail infections-an update: part 2-Prevalence, epidemiology, predisposing conditions, and differential diagnosis. Hautarzt 63(19):30–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ameen M, Lear JT, Madan V, Mohd Mustapa MF, Richardson M (2014) British Association of Dermatologist’s guidelines for the management of onychomycosis 2014. Br J Dermatol 171(5):937–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Richardson MD, Warnock DW (2012) Fungal infection: diagnosis and management, 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  36. Faergemann J, Correia O, Nowicki R, Ro BI (2005) Genetic predisposition- understanding underlying mechanisms of onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19:17–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tsentemeidou A, Vyzantiadis TA, Kyriakou A, Sotiriadis D, Patsatsi A (2017) Prevalence of onychomycosis among patients with nail psoriasis who are not receiving immunosuppressive agents: Results of a pilot study. Mycoses 60(12):830–835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Richardson MD, Edward M (2000) Model systems for the study of dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte invasion of human keratin. In: Kushwaha RKS, Guarro J (eds) Biology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia, Bilbao, pp 115–121

    Google Scholar 

  39. Yazdanparast SA, Barton RC (2006) Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis. J Med Microbiol 55:1577–1581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Seebacher C, Müller J (2011) 50 Jahre Deutschsprachige Mykologische Gesellschaft. Ein Rückblick auf die Gründungsveranstaltung am 15. Januar 1961 in Essen. Mykol Forum 1/11:6–11

    Google Scholar 

  41. Manz M, Scholz GH, Willgerodt H et al (2002) Autoimmun polyglandular syndrome (APS) type I and Candida onychomycosis. Eur J Dermatol 12:283–286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gupta AK, Drummond-Main C, Cooper EA et al (2012) Systemic review of nondermatophyte mould onychomycosis: diagnosis, clinical types, epidemiology, and treatment. JAAD 66:494–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hwang SM, Suh MK, Ha GY (2012) Onychomycosis due to nondermatophytic moulds. Ann Dermatol 24:175–180

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Nenoff P, Schorlemmer B, Uhrlaß S, Baunacke A, Baunacke A, Friedrichs C, Iffländer J, Syhre E, Schneider A, Krüger C, Maier T (2016) Onychocola canadensis Sigler in onychomycosis: a new dermatophyte-like mould in Germany. Hautarzt 67(9):739–749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hay RJ (1996) Yeast infections. In: Thiers BH, Elgart ML (eds) Dermatologic clinics-cutaneous mycology, vol 14, Issue 1. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 113–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Weger W, Smolle J (2008) Onychomycosis: a new emerging infectious disease in childhood population and adolescents. Report on treatment experience with terbinafine and itraconazole in 36 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 22:470–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Field LA, Adams BB (2008) Tinea pedis in athletes. Int J Dermatol 47:485–492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Al-Mutairi N, Eassa BI, DA A-R (2010) Clinical and mycological characteristics of onychomycosis in diabetic patients. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 18:84–91

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Romano C, Massai L, Asta F, Signorini AM (2001) Prevalence of dermatophytic skin and nail infections in diabetic patients. Mycoses 44:83–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Elewski BE (2000) Onychomycosis. Treatment, quality of life, and economic issues. Am J Clin Dermatol 1:19–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Szepietowski JC, Reich A (2009) Stigmatisation in onychomycosis patients: a population-based study. Mycoses 52:343–349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Thomas J, Jacobson GA, Narkowicz CK et al (2010) Toenail onychomycosis: an important global disease burden. J Clin Pharm Ther 35:497–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tan JS, Joseph WS (2004) Common fungal infections of the feet in patients with diabetes mellitus. Drugs Aging 21:101–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Stuttgen G, Bauer E (1982) Bioavailability, skin- and nail-penetration of topically applied antimycotics. Mykosen 25:74–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hartmane I, Dervenice A, Mailland F et al (2013) Evaluation of safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and clinical benefit of an innovative terbinafine transungual solution (p-3058): a phase I study in patients with mild-to-moderate distal subungual onychomycosis. JAAD 68(Suppl. 1):AB105

    Google Scholar 

  56. Iorizzo M, Ilona H, Derveniece A, Mikazans I (2015) Ciclopirox 8% HPCH nail lacquer in the treatment of mild-to-moderate onychomycosis: a randomized, double-blind amorolfine controlled study using a blinded evaluator. Skin Appendage Disord 1:134–140

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Hay RJ (2001) The future of onychomycosis therapy may involve a combination of approaches. Br J Dermatol 145(Suppl. 60):S3–S8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Dubruyne D, Coquerel A (2001) Pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents in onychomycoses. Clin Pharmacokinet 40:441–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bueno JG, Martinez C, Zapata B et al (2010) In vitro activity of fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine against fungi causing onychomycosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 35:658–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hall M, Monka C, Krupp P, O’Sullivan D (1997) Safety of oral terbinafine: results of a postmarketing surveillance study in 25,884 patients. Arch Dermatol 133:1213–1219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. O’Sullivan DP, Needham CA, Bangs A et al (1996) Postmarketing surveillance of oral terbinafine in the U.K.: report of a large cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 42:559–565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gupta A, Lambert J, Revuz J, Shear N (2001) Update on the safety of itraconazole pulse therapy in onychomycosis and dermatomycoses. Eur J Dermatol 11:6–10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Singal A, Khanna D (2011) Onychomycosis: diagnosis and management. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 77:659–572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Wollina U, Nenoff P, Haroske G, Haenssle H (2016) The diagnosis and treatment of nail disorders. Dtsch Ärztebl Intern 113:509–518

    Google Scholar 

  65. Verma SB (2017) A closer look at the term “tinea incognito”: a factual as well as grammatical inaccuracy. Indian J Dermatol 62(2):219–220

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJG (1994) Steroid-modified tinea. In: Rook’s textbook of dermatology, 5th edn. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  67. Verma S, Hay RJ (2015) Topical steroid-induced Tinea pseudoimbricata: a striking form of tinea incognito. Int J Dermatol 54(5):e192–e193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rebora A, Leyden JJ (1981) Napkin (diaper) dermatitis and gastrointestinal carriage of Candida albicans. Br J Dermatol 105:551–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Fölster-Holst R, Buchner M, Proksch E (2011) Diaper dermatitis. Hautarzt 62:699–709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Keiichi U, Nakayasu K, Takaishi Y (1973) Kaposi sarcoma-like granuloma on diaper dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 107:605–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Tappeiner J, Pfleger L (1971) Granuloma gluteale infantum. Hautarzt 22:383–388

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Roberts SOB (1980) Antifungal chemotherapy. Wiley, Chichester, pp 225–383

    Google Scholar 

  73. Odds FC (1988) Candida and candidosis. Bailliere Tindall, London

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mayser P, Preuss J (2012) Pityriasis versicolor-Aktuelles zu einer alten Erkrankung. Hautarzt 63:859–867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jo JH, Deming C, Kennedy EA, Conlan S, Polley EC, Ng WL, Segre JA, Kong HH, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program (2016) Diverse human skin fungal communities in children converge in adulthood. J Invest Dermatol 136(12):2356–2363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Nenoff P, Krüger C, Mayser P (2015) Cutaneous Malassezia infections and Malassezia associated dermatoses: an update. Hautarzt 66(6):465–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak S. Malassezi Burke RC (1961) Tinea versicolor. Susceptibility factors and experimental infections in human beings. J Invest Dermatol 36:398; Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak S. Malassezi Burke RC (2016) A species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol 55(5):494–504

    Google Scholar 

  78. Burke RC (1961) Tinea versicolor. Susceptibility factors and experimental infections in human beings. J Invest Dermatol 36:398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Sparber F, LeibundGut-Landmann S (2017) Host responses to Malassezia spp. in the mammalian skin. Front Immunol 8:614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Darabi K, Hostetler SG, Bechtel MA, Zirwas M (2009) The role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck of adults. JAAD 60:125–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Gupta AK, Lyons DC (2014) Pityriasis versicolor: an update on pharmacological treatment option. Expert Opin Pharmacother 15(12):1707–1713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Balevi A, Üstüner P, Kaksi SA, Özdemir M (2017) Narrow-band UV-B phototherapy: an effective and reliable treatment alternative for extensive and recurrent pityriasis versicolor. J Dermatol Treat 9:1

    Google Scholar 

  83. Ohst T, Kupsch C, Gräser Y (2016) Detection of common dermatophytes in clinical specimens using a simple quantitative real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction assay. Br J Dermatol 174(3):602–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Bergmans AM, van der Ent M, Klaassen A et al (2010) Evaluation of a single-tube real-time PCR for detection and identification of 11 dermatophyte species in clinical material. Clin Microbiol Infect 16(6):704–710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Uhrlaß S, Mayser P, Schwarz R, Koch D, Krüger C, Korfmann I, Nenoff P (2017) Dermatomycoses due to Nannizzia praecox (formerly Microsporum praecox) in Germany - case reports and review of the literature. Mycopathologia 183(2):391–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wiegand C, Mugisha P, Mulyowa GK, Elsner P, Hipler UC, Gräser Y, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P (2017) Identification of the causative dermatophyte of tinea capitis in children attending Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda by PCR-ELISA and comparison with conventional mycological diagnostic methods. Med Mycol 55(6):660–668

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabriele Ginter-Hanselmayer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ginter-Hanselmayer, G., Nenoff, P. (2019). Clinically Relevant Mycoses Dermatomycoses. In: Presterl, E. (eds) Clinically Relevant Mycoses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92300-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92300-0_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92299-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92300-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics