Abstract
The contamination of water sources by heavy metals is one of the main environmental concerns today, due to the intrinsic toxicity, long lifetime and bioaccumulation properties of these kinds of pollutants. The use of carbonaceous porous materials as adsorbents for preconcentration of pollutants is an application that emerges as an alternative that draws attention in the treatment of industrial effluents. A thorough knowledge of surface chemistry enables the preparation of adsorbents with appropriate characteristics resulting in new useful properties for specific applications, it is possible to modify the chemistry surface of carbonaceous porous materials by introducing oxygenated groups while essentially maintaining their original porous texture. Different processes are used for this purpose: oxidation, functionalization and thermal treatments.
The importance of surface chemistry of the porous solids on the adsorption of metal ions from aqueous solution is mainly due to specific interactions between surface groups and dissolved species in solution through different mechanisms including: the formation of metal complexes, reactions of acceptor-donor electrons, and ionic exchange. The present work deals with the effect of chemical modification on the surface of a granular activated carbon, by oxidation with nitric acid, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide, in ions metal adsorption from aqueous solution. The surface chemistry was evaluated by Boehm and potentiometric titrations, groups total evaluated by Boehm titration varies between 247.7 and 529.7 μmol.g−1, thermogravimetric analysis coupled to mass spectroscopy and point of zero charge, showing the effect of the oxidizing agent in textural parameters such as BET surface area and pore volumes which were assessed by gas adsorption. The BET surface area values of the solids are between 687 and 889 m2 g−1.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adedeji A, Yun Hui L, Young Min J (2014) Surface oxidation of activated carbon pellets by hydrogen peroxide for preparation of CO2 adsorbent. J Ind Eng Chem 20:2130–2137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.042
Aguayo-Villarreal IA, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Muñiz-Valencia R (2017) Synthesis of activated carbons from pecan nutshell and their application in the antagonistic adsorption of heavy metal ions. J Mol Liq 230:686–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.01.039
Ailing R, Peng H, Bin G, Jing H, Bei L (2014) Surface oxidation of activated carbon pellets by hydrogen peroxide for preparation of CO2 adsorbent. J Ind Eng Chem 20:2130–2137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.042
Almeida LA, Castro A, Mendoça F, Mesquita J (2016) Characterization of acid functional groups of carbon dots by nonlinear regression data fitting of potentiometric titration curves. Appl Surf Sci 370:486–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.128
Arcibar-Orozco J, Rangel-Mendez J, Diaz-Flores PE (2015) Simultaneous adsorption of Pb(II)-Cd(II), Pb(II)-Phenol, and Cd(II)-Phenol by activated carbon cloth in aqueous solution. Water Air Soil Pollut 226:2197–2203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2197-1
Ashish S, Aniruddha M, Prathmesh S, Dattatraya P, Prakash R, Mansing A, Sanjay K (2012) Removal of Bi (III) with adsorption technique using coconut shell activated carbon. Chin J Chem Eng 20:768–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541(11)60247-4
Bach A, Semiat R (2011) The role of activated carbon as a catalyst in GAC/iron oxide/H2O2 oxidation process. Desalination 273:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.020
Bandosz T, Ania C (2006) Surface chemistry of activated carbons and its characterization. In: Activated carbon surfaces in environmental remediation activated carbon surfaces in environmental remediation. Elsevier, New York, pp 160–229 ISBN:9780080455952
Bandosz T, Jagiello J, Contescu C, Schwarz J (1993) Characterization of the surfaces of activated carbons in terms of their acidity constant distributions. Carbon 31:1193–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(93)90072-I
Bansal RC, Goyal M (2005) Activated carbon and its surface structure. In: Activated carbon adsorption. Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 1–60 ISBN:9780824753443
Boehm HP (1966) Chemical identification of surface groups. Adv Catal 16:179–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-0564(08)60354-5
Burg P, Cagniant D (2008) Characterization of carbon surface chemistry. In: Chemistry and physiscs of carbon. Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 29–172 ISBN:9781420042986
Chen C, Li X, Tong Z, Li Y, Li M (2014) Modification process optimization, characterization and adsorption property of granular fir-based activated carbon. Appl Surf Sci 315:203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.111
Contescu C, Jagiello J, Schwarz J (1993) Heterogeneity of proton binding sites at the oxide/solution Interface. Langmuir 9:1754–1765. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00031a024
Contescu C, Popa V, Miller J, Ko E, Schwarz J (1995) Proton affinity distribution of TiO2-SiO2 and ZrO2-SiO2 mixed oxides and their relationship to catalyst activities for1-butene isomerization. J Catal 157:244–258. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1995.1285
Contescu C, Popa V, Schwarz J (1996) Heterogeneity of hydroxyl and deuteroxyl groups on the surface of TiO2 polymorphs. J Coll Interf Sci 180:149–161. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.0285
Contescu A, Contescu C, Putyera K, Schwarz J (1997) Surface acidity of carbons characterized by their continuous pK distribution and Boehm titration. Carbon 35:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00125-X
Domínguez C, Ocón P, Quintanilla A, Casas J, Rodriguez J (2013) Highly efficient application of activated carbon as catalyst for wet peroxide oxidation. Appl Catal B Environ 140:663–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.068
Figueiredo J, Pereira MFR (2012) The role of surface chemistry in catalysis with carbons. Catal Today 150:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.04.010
Figueiredo J, Pereira MFR, Freitas MMA, Orfao JJM (1999) Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons. Carbon 37:1379–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00333-9
Goertzen S, Thériault K, Oickle A, Tarasuk A, Andreas H (2012) Standardization of the Boehm titration. Part I. CO2 expulsion and end point determination. Carbon 48:1252–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.11.050
Gómez-Serrano V, Acedo-Ramos M, López-Peinado A, Valenzuela-Calahorro C (1994) Oxidation of activated carbon by hydrogen peroxide; Study of surface functional groups by FTIR Fuel 73:387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(94)90092-2
González PG, Pliego-Cuervo YB (2014) Adsorption of Cd(II), Hg(II) and Zn(II) from aqueoussolution using mesoporous activated carbonproduced from Bambusa vulgaris striata. Chem Eng Res Des 92:2715–2724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2014.02.013
Gorgulho H, Mesquita J, Goncalves F, Pereira M, Figueiredo J (2008) Characterization of the surface chemistry of carbon materials by potentiometric titrations and temperature-programmed desorption. Carbon 46:1544–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.045
Haydar S, Moreno-Castilla C, Ferro-Garcia MA, Carrasco-Marin F, Rivera-Utrilla J, Perrard A, Joly JP (2000) Regularities in the temperature-programmed desorption spectra of CO and CO2 from activated carbons. Carbon 38:1297–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00256-0
Hernandez-Eudave MT, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Moreno-Virgen MR, Rojas-Mayorga CK, Tovar-Gómez R (2016) Design analysis of fixed-bed synergic adsorption of heavy metals and acid blue 25 on activated carbon. Desalin Water Treat 57:9824–9836. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1031710
Jagiello J (1994) Stable numerical solution of the adsorption integral equation using splines. Langmuir 10:2778–2785. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00020a045
Jagiello J, Bandosz T, Putyera K, Schwarz J (1995) Determination of proton affinity distribution for chemical systems in aqueous environments using a stable numerical solution of the adsorption integral equation. J Colloid Interf Sci 172:341–346. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1995.1262
Kim Y, Yang S, Lim H, Kim T, Park C (2012) A simple method for determining the neutralization point in Boehm titration regardless of the CO2 effect. Carbon 50:3315–3323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.12.030
Kohl S, Drochner A, Vogel H (2010) Quantification of oxygen surface groups on carbon materials via diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption. Catal Today 150(1–2):67–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.05.016
Long X, Cheng H, Xin Z, Xiao W, Li W, Yuan W (2008) Adsorption of ammonia on activated carbon from aqueous solutions. Environ Prog 27:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10252
Marsh H, Rodriguez-Reinoso F (2005) Activated carbon (origins). In: activated carbon. Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, pp 13–81 ISBN:9780080455969
Moreno-Tovara R, Terrés E, Rangel-Mendez JR (2014) Oxidation and EDX elemental mapping characterization of an orderedmesoporous carbon: Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal. Appl Surf Sci 303:373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.03.008
Noh JS, Schwarz JA (1990) Effect of HNO3 treatment on the surface acidity of activated carbons. Carbon 28:675–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(90)90069-B
Onida B, Fiorilli S, Camarota B, Perrachon D, Bruzzoniti MC (2008) Acidic functional groups incorporated in ordered mesoporous materials: a comparison among different host matrices. In: Gédéon A, Massiani P, Babonneau F (eds) Zeolites and related materials: trends, targets and challenges proceedings of 4th international FEZA conference. Elsevier, Amsterdam/London, p 67 ISBN:978-4-444-53297-8
Peláez AA, Herrera A, Bautista A, Salazar M (2015) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Agave tequilana Weber for the removal of textile dyes and heavy metals. Desalin Water Treat 57:21105–21117. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1111815
Pinho M, Silva A, Fathy N, Attia A, Gomes J (2015) Activated carbon xerogel–chitosan composite materials for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation under intensified process conditions. J Environ Chem Eng 3:1243–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.10.020
Radovic L, Moreno-Castilla C, Rivera-Utrilla J (2004) Carbon materials as adsorbents in aqueous solutions. In: Chemistry and physics of carbon. A series of advances. Ed Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 293–297 ISBN:9780824740887
Ribeiro RFL, Soares VC, Costa LM, Nascentes CC (2015) Production of activated carbon from biodiesel solid residues: an alternative for hazardous metal sorption from aqueous solution. J Environ Manag 162:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.023
Saini VK, Andrade M, Pinto ML, Carvalho AP, Pires J (2010) How the adsorption properties get changed when going from SBA-15 to its CMK-3 carbon replica. Sep Purif Tech 75:366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.09.006
Salame I, Bandosz T (2001) Surface chemistry of activated carbons: combining the results of temperature-programmed desorption, Boehm, and potentiometric titrations. J Coll Interf Sci 240:252–258. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.7596
Serrano-Gómez J, López-González H, Olguín MT, Bulbulian S (2015) Carbonaceous material obtained from exhausted coffee by an aqueous solution combustion process and used for cobalt (II) and cadmium (II) sorption. J Environ Manag 156:121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.013
Silvestre-Albero A, Gonçalves M, Itoh T, Kaneko K, Endo M, Thommes M, Rodríguez-Reinoso F, Silvestre-Albero J (2012) Well-defined mesoporosity on lignocellulosic-derived activated carbons. Carbon 50:66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.08.007
Sing KSW (2014) Assessment of surface area by gas adsorption. In: Adsorption by powders and porous solids principles, methodology and applications, 2nd edn. Elsevier Ltd/Academic, Oxford/San Diego, pp 237–263 ISBN:978-0-12-598920-6
Smith JL, Herman RG, Klier K (2005) Ion exchange, core-level shifts, and bond strengths in mesoporous solid acid SBA-15. Stud Surf Sci Catal 158:797–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(05)80415-X
Stumm W (1995) Chapter 1: The inner-sphere surface complex a key to understanding surface reactivity. In: Advances in chemistry. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1995-0244.ch001
Thommes M, Cychosz K.A (2014) Physical adsorption characterization of nanoporous materials: progress and challenges. Adsorption 20:233–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-014-9606-z
Treviño-Cordero H, Juárez L, Mendoza D, Hernández V, Bonilla A, Montes-Morán M (2013) Synthesis and adsorption properties of activated carbons from biomass of Prunus domestica and Jacaranda mimosifolia for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from water. Ind Crop Prods 42:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.029
Vasu E (2008) Surface modification of activated carbon for enhancement of nickel(II) adsorption. E-J Chem 5:814–819. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/610503
Vinke P, Van Der Elik M, Verbree M, Voskamp AF, Van Bekkum H, Vinke P (1994) Modification of the surfaces of a gas activated carbon and a chemically activated carbon with nitric acid, hypochlorite, and ammonia. Carbon 32:675–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(94)90089-2
Vivo-Vilches JF, Bailón-García E, Pérez-Cadenas AF, Carrasco-Marín F, Maldonado-Hódar FJ (2014) Tailoring the surface chemistry and porosity of activated carbons: evidence of reorganization and mobility of oxygenated surface groups. Carbon 68:520–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.030
Zhang C, Liu X, Lu X, He M, Meijer EJ, Wang R (2017) Surface complexation of heavy metal cations on clay edges: insights from first principles molecular dynamics simulation of Ni(II). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 203:54–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.014
Zielke U, Hüttinger K, Hoffman WP (1996) Surface-oxidized carbon fibers: I. Surface structure and chemistry. Carbon 34:983–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(96)00032-2
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the framework agreement established between the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Universidad de Los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia). Also they want express their acknowledgments to Dr. Teresa Bandosz scientific support to carry out this research. The authors also wish to thank the grant by the Faculty of Sciences of Universidad de los Andes (Colombia) in all of No. 28-11-2017 Call 2018-2019 for the funding of research programs for Professors of Associated, Full Professors and Emeritus Professors (classified in the Professoral order).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rodríguez-Estupiñán, P., Giraldo, L., Moreno-Piraján, J.C. (2018). Carbonaceous Porous Materials for the Adsorption of Heavy Metals: Chemical Characterization of Oxidized Activated Carbons. In: Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Green Adsorbents for Pollutant Removal. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92111-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92111-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92110-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92111-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)