Abstract
Input impedance completely and comprehensively describes an arterial (sub) system. The ratio of the mean arterio-venous pressure drop and mean flow is total vascular resistance or peripheral resistance, R p . To obtain information about the oscillatory aspects of the arterial system wave shapes of pressure and flow are used; and Fourier analysis applied. The amplitude ratio and the phase difference of the sine waves of pressure and flow give the modulus and phase angle of the impedance (application of Ohm’s law). At zero frequency R p is found. For intermediate frequencies (1–3 times heart rate) the modulus decreases precipitously and the phase angle is negative. This shows the major contribution of (total) arterial compliance, C. For high frequencies the modulus approaches a constant value and the phase angle is close to zero. This is the contribution of the aortic characteristic impedance. These three elements together give a good description of the input impedance, suggesting the three-element Windkessel as acceptable arterial model.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, Altobelli SA. Aortic input impedance in normal man: relationship to pressure wave forms. Circulation. 1980;62:105–1116.
Stergiopulos N, Meister J-J, Westerhof N. Scatter in the input impedance spectrum may result from the elastic nonlinearity of the arterial wall. Am J Phys. 1995;269:H1490–5.
Westerhof N, Elzinga G, Sipkema P. An artificial system for pumping hearts. J Appl Physiol. 1971;31:776–81.
Stergiopulos N, Westerhof BE, Westerhof N. Total arterial inertance as the fourth element of the windkessel model. Am J Phys. 1999;276:H81–8.
Sipkema P, Westerhof N. Effective length of the arterial system. Ann Biomed Eng. 1975;3:296–307.
Westerhof BE, van den Wijngaard JP, Murgo JP, Westerhof N. Location of a reflection site is elusive: consequences for the calculation of aortic pulse wave velocity. Hypertension. 2008;52:478–83.
Sipkema P, Westerhof N, Randall OS. The arterial system characterized in the time domain. Cardiovasc Res. 1980;14:270–9.
Van Huis GA, Sipkema P, Westerhof N. Coronary input impedance during the cardiac cycle as obtained by impulse response method. Am J Phys. 1987;253:H317–24.
Westerhof N, Elzinga G. Normalized input impedance and arterial decay time over heart period are independent of animal size. Am J Phys. 1991;261:R126–33.
Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, Altobelli SA. Manipulation of ascending aortic pressure and flow reflections with the Valsalva maneuver: relationship to input impedance. Circulation. 1981;63:122–32.
Latham RD, Westerhof N, Sipkema P, Rubal BJ, Reuderink P, Murgo JP. Regional wave travel and reflections along the human aorta: a study with six simultaneous micromanometric pressures. Circulation. 1985;72:1257–69.
Ting CT, Chen JW, Chang MS, Yin FC. Arterial hemodynamics in human hypertension. Effects of the calcium channel antagonist nifedipine. Hypertension. 1995;25:1326–32.
O’Rourke MF. Pulsatile arterial haemodynamics in hypertension. Aust N Z J Med. 1976;6(Suppl 2):40–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Westerhof, N., Stergiopulos, N., Noble, M.I.M., Westerhof, B.E. (2019). Arterial Input Impedance. In: Snapshots of Hemodynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91932-4_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91932-4_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91931-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91932-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)