Skip to main content

Abstract

Nielsen and Sarasvathy, building on a general perspective on exit, including important concepts and ideas not specific to the entrepreneurship domain, develop a taxonomy of entrepreneurial exit and discuss when entrepreneurial exit can be characterized as a failure, whether from the viewpoint of the entrepreneurs, policymakers, or investors, outlining potential conflicts between the interests of the entrepreneur and society. Nielsen and Sarasvathy argue that exit needs to be understood dynamically and develop a dynamic framework for studying entrepreneurial exit, highlighting ideas for future research on how entry into entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial experience, and the post-exit environment may interplay in those dynamics. Consequences for the post-exit career and life course are introduced with specific examples of promising avenues for future research on this new and important topic in entrepreneurship.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldrich, H., and C. Zimmer. 1986. Entrepreneurship Through Social Networks. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, 3–23. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoncic, B., and R.D. Hisrich. 2001. Intrapreneurship: Construct Refinement and Cross-cultural Validation. Journal of Business Venturing 16 (5): 495–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., and E.W. Eckard. 1998. Are Mega-mergers Anticompetitive? Evidence from the First Great Merger Wave. The Rand Journal of Economics 29: 803–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhide, A. 2000. The Origin and Evolution of Businesses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosma, N., M. Van Praag, R. Thurik, and G. De Wit. 2004. The Value of Human and Social Capital Investments for the Business Performance of Startups. Small Business Economics 23 (3): 227–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boudreaux, D.J., and R.G. Holcombe. 1989. The Coasian and Knightian Theories of the Firm. Managerial and Decision Economics 10: 147–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brüderl, J., and P. Preisendörfer. 1998. Network Support and the Success of Newly Founded Business. Small Business Economics 10 (3): 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, J.M., and V.J. Vanberg. 1991. The Market as a Creative Process. Economics & Philosophy 7: 167–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, M.D., J.B. Sørensen, and S.D. Dobrev. 2016. Call for Papers-Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice January Special Issue: Career, Organizations and Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coad, A., K. Nielsen, and B. Timmermans. 2017. My First Employee: An Empirical Investigation. Small Business Economics 48 (1): 25–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromie, S. 2000. Assessing Entrepreneurial Inclinations: Some Approaches and Empirical Evidence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 9 (1): 7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, M.S., J. Nielsen, and R. Mojtabai. 2010. The Effects of Becoming an Entrepreneur on the Use of Psychotropics Among Entrepreneurs and Their Spouses. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 38: 857–863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P. 2009. The Entrepreneurship Research Challenge. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeTienne, D.R., and K. Wennberg. 2015. Research Handbook of Entrepreneurial Exit. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. 2015. A Second Chance for Entrepreneurs: Prevention of Bankruptcy, Simplification of Bankruptcy Procedures and Support for a Fresh Start.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.S., and B. Jovanovic. 1989. An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice Under Liquidity Constraints. The Journal of Political Economy 97: 808–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2017. Global Report 2016/17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haltiwanger, J., R.S. Jarmin, and J. Miranda. 2013. Who Creates Jobs? Small Versus Large Versus Young. Review of Economics and Statistics 95 (2): 347–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, B.H. 2000. Does Entrepreneurship Pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Returns to Self‐Employment. Journal of Political Economy 108 (3): 604–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon, D., and C. Saunders. 2007. Marshaling Resources to Form Small New Ventures: Toward a More Holistic Understanding of Entrepreneurial Support. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (4): 619–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Headd, B. 2003. Redefining Business Success: Distinguishing Between Closure and Failure. Small Business Economics 21 (1): 51–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heblich, S., and K. Nielsen. 2017. The Effects of Entrepreneurship Education on Occupational Choices: Results from a Quasi-Experiment. In DRUID Society Conference 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundley, G. 2001. Why and When Are the Self‐Employed More Satisfied with Their Work? Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 40 (2): 293–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalleberg, A.L. 1977. Work Values and Job Rewards: A Theory of Job Satisfaction. American Sociological Review 42: 124–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, D., D. Dalton, C. Daily, and J. Covin. 2004. Meta-Analyses of Post-Acquisition Performance: Indications of Unidentified Moderators. Strategic Management Journal 25 (2): 187–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff, B.A. 1997. Entrepreneurship Economics. The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship 2: 444–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knaup, A.E. 2005. Survival and Longevity in the Business Employment Dynamics Data. Monthly Labor Review 128: 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukathas, C. 2003. The Liberal Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Luzzi, A., and A. Sasson. 2016. Individual Entrepreneurial Exit and Earnings in Subsequent Paid Employment. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 40 (2): 401–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Micklethwait, J., and A. Wooldridge. 2003. The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea. New York: Modern Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millán, J.M., E. Congregado, and C. Román. 2012. Determinants of Self-Employment Survival in Europe. Small Business Economics 38 (2): 231–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen K. 2011. Bringing the Person and Environment Together in Explaining Successful Entrepreneurship: A Multidisciplinary and Quantitative Study. PhD Thesis, Aalborg University.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Human Capital and New Venture Performance: The Industry Choice and Performance of Academic Entrepreneurs. The Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (3): 453–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, K., and S. Sarasvathy. 2016. A Market for Lemons in Serial Entrepreneurship? Exploring Type I and Type II Errors in the Restart Decision. Academy of Management Discoveries 2 (3): 247–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale, P., and A. Coad. 2013. Muppets and Gazelles: Political and Methodological Biases in Entrepreneurship Research. Industrial and Corporate Change 23: 113–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 2015. High-Growth Enterprises Rate. In Entrepreneurship at a Glance. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Survival of Enterprises. In Entrepreneurship at a Glance. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostgaard, T.A., and S. Birley. 1996. New Venture Growth and Personal Networks. Journal of Business Research 36 (1): 37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özcan, S., and T. Reichstein. 2009. Transition to Entrepreneurship from the Public Sector: Predispositional and Contextual Effects. Management Science 55 (4): 604–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S.C., and C.M. Van Praag. 2006. Schooling, Capital Constraints, and Entrepreneurial Performance: The Endogenous Triangle. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 24 (4): 416–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, S., and S.D. Sarasvathy. 2005. Knowing What To Do and Doing What You Know: Effectuation as a Form of Entrepreneurial Expertise. The Journal of Private Equity 9 (1): 45–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer, D. 2014. Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Turning Points. Social Work & Society 12 (1): 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasvathy, S.D. 2004. The Questions We Ask and the Questions We Care About: Reformulating Some Problems in Entrepreneurship Research. Journal of Business Venturing 19 (5): 707–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Effectuation: Elements of Entrepreneurial Expertise. Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J.A. 1947. The Creative Response in Economic History. The Journal of Economic History 7: 149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S.A. 2003. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, D.A. 2003. Learning from Business Failure: Propositions of Grief Recovery for the Self-Employed. Academy of Management Review 28 (2): 318–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, J.B. 2007. Bureaucracy and Entrepreneurship: Workplace Effects on Entrepreneurial Entry. Administrative Science Quarterly 52 (3): 387–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thébaud, S. 2016. Passing Up the Job: The Role of Gendered Organizations and Families in the Entrepreneurial Career Process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 40 (2): 269–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, J.M., A. Rauch, M. Frese, and N. Rosenbusch. 2011. Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-Analytical Review. Journal of Business Venturing 26 (3): 341–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven, A.H., D.E. Polley, R. Garud, and S. Venkataraman. 1999. The Innovation Journey. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Praag, M. 2005. Successful Entrepreneurship: Confronting Economic Theory with Empirical Practice. Cheltenham/ Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Praag, M., and P.H. Versloot. 2007. What Is the Value of Entrepreneurship? A Review of Recent Rresearch. Small Business Economics 29 (4): 351–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Praag, M., G.D. Wit, and N. Bosma. 2005. Initial Capital Constraints Hinder Entrepreneurial Venture Performance. The Journal of Private Equity 9 (1): 36–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkataraman, S. 2002. Stakeholder Value Equilibration and the Entrepreneurial Process. The Ruffin Series of the Society for Business Ethics 3: 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristian Nielsen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nielsen, K., Sarasvathy, S.D. (2018). Exit Perspective on Entrepreneurship. In: Turcan, R., Fraser, N. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Entrepreneurship. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91611-8_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics