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Ambient Assisted Living: Systematic Review

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Usability, Accessibility and Ambient Assisted Living

Part of the book series: Human–Computer Interaction Series ((BRIEFSHUMAN))

Abstract

The active ageing paradigm aims to contribute to the expectation of a healthy, autonomous and independent life with quality. The technological solutions might have a key role in the promotion of human functioning and in the mitigation of disabilities, particularly those resulting from the natural ageing process.

The acceptance of AAL solutions is closely related to the quality of the available solutions, namely, in terms of intelligent functions for the users’ interaction. Therefore, the development of AAL solutions must consider the needs of the users in order to assist them in their daily activities, making their lives more comfortable and helping them to participate in all areas of life, as well as to be accepted and included.

In this context, it is relevant to know the recent developments in AAL and to discuss its future trends and challenges. Therefore, the authors systematically review and classify the AAL literature to establish the current position regarding the AAL services being developed, users’ involvement and evaluation methods.

Figure 2.7 presents the distribution of articles by the type of evaluation: 150 articles (i.e. approximately 56%) did not refer to any information about evaluation of AAL solution proposed, 56 articles (i.e. approximately 21%) referred to a conceptual validation of AAL solutions, 31 referred to prototype evaluations (i.e. approximately 12%) in controlled environments, and 20 (i.e. approximately 7%) referred to pilot experiences.

AAL solutions should maintain and increase human functionality through the integration of technology in the natural environment of the older person. The focus should be the person, not the technology, so it is necessary to develop AAL systems that can support users’ needs. Considering the relevance of AAL systems to the main objective of AAL, the characterization of AAL systems, found in this systematic review, will be presented in the next chapter.

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Annex I: Objective of the Articles Classified as Systems

Annex I: Objective of the Articles Classified as Systems

Authors

Year

Objective

Type of system

Kentta et al. (2007)

2007

To evaluate technology-based service scenarios to support independent living

Safety

Niemela et al. (2007)

2007

To present three scenarios describing how independent living of older adults can be supported with mobile-centric ambient intelligence services

Monitoring

Mokhtari and Feki (2007)

2007

To provide service continuity within the living environment, both indoor and outdoor, by combining technological aids and mobile technologies to facilitate independent living for all in the home or in temporary living environments

Participation

Kaye et al. (2008)

2008

To design and implement a system for application to a community-based clinical trial of the efficacy of a basic sensor net (i.e. motion and contact sensors, RF location systems and personal home computer interaction)

Monitoring

Foroughi et al. (2008)

2008

To propose a method to detect various posture-based events in a typical monitoring application for a scenario of home surveillance of older adults

Fall detection system

Kuhn et al. (2009)

2009

To promote daily information management for older adults with decreased visual abilities, as well as with limited experience in human computer interfaces

Participation

Iglesias et al. (2009a)

2009

To develop and evaluate a digital agenda application that allows older adults to create agenda entries, to view calendar entries and to access a particular telephone without typing any letter or number

Participation

Iglesias et al. (2009b)

2009

To present a health monitoring system where users can identify themselves by a simple touch device and health information can be wirelessly collected and associated with an identified user

Healthcare

Li et al. (2009)

2009

To introduce an intelligent oven for healthier food choice that is woven inside smart home environments

Participation

Mitseva et al. (2009)

2009

To develop intelligent custom services aiming at improving the quality of life of older adults with pre- and mild dementia living in their own homes and also the quality of life of their caregivers

Participation

Sun et al. (2009)

2009

To build mutual assistance for communities not only allowing efficient utilization of the social resources in maintaining the independent living of older adults but also helping these people maintain their connections to the society and bring them entertainment

Participation

Kaluza (2010)

2010

To present a multi-agent system for the care of older adults living at home on their own, aiming to prolong their independence

Monitoring

Dohr et al. (2010)

2010

To use smart objects and technologies to facilitate home monitoring processes

Monitoring

Coronato et al. (2010)

2010

To present a software infrastructure that enables the rapid prototyping of smart applications for monitoring patients in environments such as homes or hospitals

Monitoring

Zhou (2010)

2010

To propose a personal monitoring system which integrates wearable sensors, 3G mobile phones, smart home technologies and Google Health to facilitate the management of the diabetes disease

Monitoring

Holthe and Walderhaug (2010)

2010

To develop a technical middleware platform with reusable components that enables rapid development of domain-specific applications that can be personalized for individual use

Participation

Seewald et al. (2010)

2010

To develop applications fostering the social inclusion and well-being of older adults

Participation

Bamidis et al. (2010)

2010

To present an environment offering a flexible combination of personalized care services for general citizens according to their preference or available technologies, as well as a service aiming cognitive and physical training for older adults inside an independent living setting

Participation

Angelo et al. (2010)

2010

To present an internet-based, automated home care ECG upload and prioritization

Monitoring

Junnila et al. (2010)

2010

To present a general-purpose sensor network and a monitoring platform to support applications ranging from older adults monitoring to early homecoming after a hospitalization period

Monitoring

Hidalgo et al. (2011)

2011

To propose a smart process management, based on artificial intelligence planning and scheduling, able to design timed sequences of activities that solve problems in a given environment

Healthcare

Schenk et al. (2011)

2011

To present a system that uses off-the-shelf sensors and telecommunication technologies to measure continuously individual life space and activity

Participation

Alexander et al. (2011)

2011

To present the evolution of an early illness warning system used by an interdisciplinary team composed by clinicians and engineers in an independent living facility.

Monitoring

Boulos et al. (2011)

2011

To present the development of a smartphone application for remote monitoring and management of older patients with multiple chronic conditions

Monitoring

Lee et al. (2011)

2011

To present the development and testing of a home solution for older adults’ medication management and communication

Medication

Göllner et al. (2011)

2011

To introduce two design concepts based on mobile technology to help older adults carrying out daily tasks and managing meetings

Participation

Agoulmine et al. (2011)

2011

To present a smart home to help older adults to continue to live an independent life in their own home while being monitored and assisted

Monitoring

McCrindle et al. (2011)

2011

To develop a wearable device that can be used to support older people in their daily activities, to monitor their health status, to detect potential problems, to provide activity reminders and to offer communication and alarm services

Participation

Losardo et al. (2011)

2011

To identify affordable technologies suitable for contrasting (older adults) depopulation of rural and mountain areas and at fostering their exploitation within the existing framework of social and health services

Monitoring

Hine et al. (2012)

2012

To develop a domestic well-being indicator system to present information to stakeholders and a model-instrumented house to promote understanding among stakeholders regarding home care technology

Monitoring

Fahim et al. (2012)

2012

To develop an android smartphone application to assists older adults for independent living in their own homes

Monitoring

Cao et al. (2012)

2012

To present a fall detection system derived from motion sensors via an android-based smartphone utilizing adaptive threshold algorithms

Fall detection system

Wolfgang Inninger and Nicole Wagner (2012)

2012

To improve the mobility of older adults by matching transportation needs and transportation services

Participation

Passas et al. (2012)

2012

To design and implement a flexible peer-to-peer platform to allow older adults to build virtual communities dynamically based on interests and needs they share

Participation

Ullah et al. (2012)

2012

To present a touch-based smart home controlling system, which augments the older adults’ experiences

Participation

Ferreira and Ambrósio (2012)

2012

To present an interoperable health-assistive platform designed to meet the requirements related to caring, monitoring and motivating the older adults in their own environments

Monitoring

Prescher et al. (2012)

2012

To present a home monitoring system aimed at supporting older adults suffering with co-morbidity

Monitoring

Koshmak et al. (2013)

2013

To propose a framework which uses mobile phone technologies together with physiological data monitoring to detect falls

Fall detection system

Pensas et al. (2013)

2013

To design and implement a system that enables the older adults to stay connected with their families, friends and safety network even though they are living by themselves

Participation

Shen et al. (2013)

2013

To propose a videophone system for the care of older adults

Healthcare

Lee et al. (2013)

2013

To design and implement an android-based smartphone with 3-axial accelerometer to support telehealth and detect falls

Fall detection system

Terroso et al. (2013)

2013

To present a system consisting of a wearable sensor unit, a smartphone and a website to detect falls and to notify the family members or stakeholders

Fall detection system

Silveira et al. (2013)

2013

To propose a system to support active and healthy ageing by providing a proactive training application, running on a tablet, to improve the balance and strength of older adults

Participation

Hervas et al. (2013)

2013

To present a system to estimate the risk of cardiovascular diseases in AAL environments, through reasoning techniques and context awareness

Healthcare

Martin et al. (2013)

2013

To present a system to support daily living activities

Participation

Norgall and Wichert (2013)

2013

To present a universal platform for both AAL and personal health applications

Healthcare

Losardo et al. (2014)

2014

To report an AAL utilization in a real-world context by describing the case of a 92-year-old woman with mild physical and cognitive age-related impairments that was supported by a system to promote her safety and confidence when staying alone at home

Monitoring

Rakhman et al. (2014)

2014

To present a prototype of ubiquitous fall detection and alert system using smartphones

Fall detection system

Siegel et al. (2014)

2014

To study the effects of AAL on quality of life, health and technology acceptance of people at advanced age living in assisted living homes

Participation

Maglogiannis (2014)

2014

To present an application that utilizes a low-cost smart watch together with an android smartphone to allow the transmission, storage and processing of motion data

Fall detection system

Carús et al. (2014)

2014

To present a self-care solution for older adults, based on self-check of health conditions and self-fitness at home

Participation

Rosas et al. (2014)

2014

To create an ecosystem for AAL aiming to facilitate partnership creation between service providers as a strategy to improve care provision and leverage its capacity

Healthcare

Eichelberg et al. (2014)

2014

To present an overview of the architecture and core functions of a technical platform to integrate various assistive systems

Participation

Krishnan and Cook (2014)

2014

To propose and evaluate a sliding window-based approach to perform activity recognition in an online or streaming fashion

Activity recognition system

Suryadevara and Mukhopadhyay (2014)

2014

To present the application of computing technology to determine the wellness of older adults living independently in their home

Monitoring

Stucki and Urwyler (2014)

2014

To propose a passive, web-based, nonintrusive, assistive technology system to recognize and classify activities of daily living

Monitoring

Costa et al. (2014)

2014

To use AAL environments to promote physical activity among older adults

Monitoring

Freitas et al. (2014)

2014

To present a fall detection system

Fall detection system

Ejupi et al. (2015)

2015

To examine the feasibility of a low-cost and portable Kinect-based system to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers and to investigate whether this system can be used for supervised clinical and supervised and unsupervised in-home fall risk assessments

Fall detection system

Helmy and Helmy (2015)

2015

To present a mobile application for continuous detection of seizures and falls to support people with epilepsy and fall risk

Fall detection system

Ando et al. (2015)

2015

To develop a smartphone-based detector of activities of daily living, able to discriminate between different kinds of falls

Fall detection system

He and Zeadally (2015)

2015

To propose an authentication protocol for AAL systems and to describe how it meets various security requirements

Security

De Maso-Gentile et al. (2015)

2015

To present a low-power free-scale board with a three-axis capacitive accelerometer and a Bluetooth connection to be used in connection with a smartphone for fall detection in AAL applications

Fall detection system

Doyle and Walsh (2015)

2015

To combine different types of technologies to predict changes in well-being and to deliver feedback and interventions to support personal wellness management

Participation

Alemán et al. (2015a)

2015

To present an AmI system that fusions geo-localization sensors data embedded in smartphone devices for the monitoring of older adults

Monitoring

Kiselev et al. (2015)

2015

To evaluate the usability of a motivational interactive training system for fall prevention and stroke rehabilitation

Fall detection system

Richter et al. (2015)

2015

To present an AAL concept related to the care of people suffering from dementia

Monitoring

(Ueda et al. 2015)

2015

To propose a living activity recognition method based on power metres attached to appliances and a positioning sensor attached to the resident

Activity recognition system

Juang and Wu (2015)

2015

To propose an algorithm using the triangular pattern rule to detect fall-down movements of humanoid by the installation of a robot with camera vision at home that will be able to judge the fall-down movements of older adults in real time

Fall detection system

Deen (2015)

2015

To introduce several low-cost, noninvasive, user-friendly sensing and actuating systems

Monitoring

Suryadevara and Mukhopadhyay (2015)

2015

To present the application of computing technology to determine the wellness of the older adults living independently in their home

Monitoring

Kue et al. (2015)

2015

To present the implementation of a mobile platform that utilizes smartphone hardware such as the accelerometer and voice recording to monitor and react to older adults physical activity and inactivity

Participation

Hill et al. (2015)

2015

To evaluate the feasibility of an attention training application for community-dwelling older adults using mobile technology

Healthcare

Fratu et al. (2015)

2015

To present how a monitoring system fits the Romanian healthcare regulations and procedures requirements for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild dementia patients

Monitoring

Barham et al. (2015)

2015

To present a smartphone application to help older adults to travel independently using public transport

Participation

(Pierleoni et al. 2015)

2015

To propose a method based on the support vector machine technique and implemented on low-cost android smartphones to detect falls of older adults

Fall detection system

Porambage et al. (2015)

2015

To propose a proxy-based authentication and key establishment protocol to safeguard sensitive data generated by resource-constrained devices in IoT-enabled AAL systems

Security

Lee et al. (2015)

2015

To propose a home occupant tracking system that uses smartphones and off-the-shelf smart watches

Monitoring

Chiang and Liang (2015)

2015

To study motion-sensing interaction between patients and systems in various living spaces

Monitoring

Ahanathapillai et al. (2015)

2015

To present assistive technology able to perform activity monitoring, particularly a wrist wearable unit

Monitoring

Ribeiro et al. (2015)

2015

To present the usability evaluation of an application running in a commercial service of internet protocol TV to support home care of older adults

Healthcare

Li et al. (2015)

2015

To investigate the use of emerging sensor technology in a smart home setting to intelligently monitor lifestyle and to detect potential progressive decline in physical and cognitive abilities

Monitoring

Gschwind et al. (2015b)

2015

To compare feasibility and efficacy of two exergame interventions

Fall detection system

Gschwind et al. (2015a)

2015

To assess the feasibility (i.e. exercise adherence, acceptability and safety) of a system able to deliver unsupervised exercise programme in older adults’ homes

Fall detection system

Ogonowski et al. (2016)

2016

To use participative design and persuasive health approaches to allow for seamless integration of a fall prevention system into an older adults’ everyday life

Fall detection system

Nakagawa et al. (2016)

2016

To propose a method that uses the acceleration data from wearable devices for classifying activities or events

Activity recognition system

Figueiredo et al. (2016)

2016

To present an emergency application for smartphones, enabling users to simply hit their devices in order to send an alarm signal to an emergency service

Safety

Austin et al. (2016)

2016

To present a system to measure loneliness by assessing in-home behaviour using wireless motion and contact sensors, phone monitors and algorithms developed to assess key behaviours of interest

Monitoring

Chang et al. (2016)

2016

To propose a smart home care system for older adults

Monitoring

Basili et al. (2016)

2016

To propose a fall detection system based on a smartphone and a board with three-axis accelerometer

Fall detection system

Núñez-Naveira et al. (2016)

2016

To evaluate the impact of an e-learning platform on the psychological status of informal caregivers

Participation

Alam et al. (2016)

2016

To present a system able to collect patients’ psychiatric symptoms through lightweight biosensors and web-based psychiatric screening scales in a smart home environment and to analyse them through machine learning algorithms to detect psychiatric emergencies

Monitoring

Govercin et al. (2016)

2016

To examine the acceptance of a healthcare system by older adults.

Healthcare

Ciampolini et al. (2016)

2016

To present a strategy for indirect monitoring of health conditions, requiring less participating effort to the older adults

Monitoring

Schaad et al. (2016)

2016

To present a prototype of an intelligent wardrobe

Participation

Damaševičius et al. (2016)

2016

To propose a method for activity recognition and subject identification based on random projections from high-dimensional feature space to low-dimensional projection space, where the classes are separated using the Jaccard distance between probability density functions of projected data

Activity recognition system

Zhou et al. (2016)

2016

To present a system of learning living status by detecting daily activities using finger-worn devices and sharing information to supporters’ smartphones

Activity recognition system

Lotfi et al. (2017)

2017

To develop an AAL platform to support both older adults and their carers to overcome the challenges of the care

Monitoring

Preuss and Legal (2017)

2017

To investigate the introduction of pet robots into domestic settings.

Participation

(Žele et al. 2017)

2017

To design a prototype of a mobile application allowing informal caregivers to monitor daily activities of older adults.

Monitoring

Backere et al. (2017)

2017

To present a risk detection system able to analyse incidents occurring in the home of older adults by using several sensors and smart devices

Fall detection system

Fiorini et al. (2017)

2017

To propose a service model for personalized medical support to provide adequate healthcare service by means of a hybrid robot-cloud approach

Medication

Danilovich et al. (2017)

2017

To present a community-engaged approach to develop a mobile application exercise intervention through focus groups and interviews

Participation

Payyanadan et al. (2017)

2017

To analyse the driving challenges faced by older drivers and guide the development of a customized web-based trip-planning tool

Participation

Jeon et al. (2017)

2017

To propose a cost-effective, fall detection system based on a pressure sensing triboelectric nanogenerator array

Fall detection system

Magar et al. (2017)

2017

To propose home appliances control using GSM

Participation

Spinsante (2017)

2017

To address two case studies in which a smartphone, when equipped with a proper software application, may operate as an inactivity monitor and a drug management assistant

Medication

Miori and Russo (2017)

2017

To develop and create a reference platform by applying technological solutions to simplify the daily activities of older adults and studying how they access dedicated services

Monitoring

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Queirós, A., da Rocha, N.P. (2018). Ambient Assisted Living: Systematic Review. In: Queirós, A., Rocha, N. (eds) Usability, Accessibility and Ambient Assisted Living. Human–Computer Interaction Series(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91226-4_2

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