Abstract
In this chapter, we debate the sources of our analysis and the statistical methods used. We also amply discuss the methodological literature on these subjects. Our data sources are the Arab Opinion Index of the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies in Doha, Qatar; the Arab Barometer, Wave III; the Pew Spring 2015 Survey; the BBC Global Scan; and the World Values Survey. We debate error margins and other statistical concepts and highlight such methods as factor analysis and econometric time series analysis, available via our used Statistical Program, the SPSS.
The corresponding author for this chapter is Arno Tausch (arno.tausch@yahoo.de).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
IBM SPSS (2007).
- 2.
The available codebook describes the survey and sampling techniques for each country covered by the survey.
- 3.
As stated on the website, “the operational base for the third wave is the Center for Strategic Studies in Jordan (CSS). This third phase was funded by the Canadian International Research and Development Centre (IDRC) and the United States Institute for Peace (USIP)”.
- 4.
This site describes the sampling and survey methods for each country, included in the survey.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
Older approaches often assumed that there is no correlation between the factors, best representing the underlying dimensions of the variables. But for example, in attempting to understand the pro-Brexit vote in the United Kingdom it would be ridiculous to assume that, say, there is no correlation between anti-immigration attitudes and the feeling to be among the losers of globalization.
References
Abdi H (2003) Factor rotations in factor analyses. Encyclopedia for research methods for the social sciences. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 792–795
Achilov D (2013) Social capital, Islam, and the Arab Spring in the Middle East. J Civil Soc 9(3):268–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2013.816541
Al-Ississ M, Diwan I (2016) Preference for democracy in the Arab world. Politics Governance 4(4):16–26. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i4.753
Arab Barometer III (2017) Center for strategic studies in Jordan (CSS). http://www.arabbarometer.org/content/arab-barometer-iii-0. Accessed 10 May 2017
Arab Opinion Index (2015) Arab public opinion programme, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. http://english.dohainstitute.org/file/Get/6ad332dc-b805-4941-8a30-4d28806377c4. Accessed 10 May 2017
Arab Opinion Index (2017) Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. http://english.dohainstitute.org/portal. Accessed 10 May 2017
Basilevsky AT (2009) Statistical factor analysis and related methods: theory and applications, vol 418. Wiley, New York
BBC World Service (2014) Poll. Embargo. GlobeScan, 3 Jun 2014. http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2014_country_ratings/2014_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf, https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2017
Braithwaite VA, Law HG (1985) Structure of human values: testing the adequacy of the Rokeach value survey. J Pers Soc Psychol 49(1):250
Brenner PS (2016) Cross-national trends in religious service attendance. Public Opin Q 80(2):563–583 (nfw016)
Browne MW (2001) An overview of analytic rotation in exploratory factor analysis. Multivar Behav Res 36(1):111–150
Cattell R (ed) (2012) The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences. Springer Science & Business Media
Ciftci S, Bernick EM (2015) Utilitarian and modern: clientelism, citizen empowerment, and civic engagement in the Arab world. Democratization 22(7):1161–1182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.928696
Cornell University Roper Center (2017) Polling fundamentals—total survey error. https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/support/polling-fundamentals-total-survey-error/. Accessed 10 May 2017
Davidov E, Schmidt P, Schwartz SH (2008) Bringing values back in: the adequacy of the European social survey to measure values in 20 countries. Public Opin Q 72(3):420–445
Dunlap RE, York R (2008) The globalization of environmental concern and the limits of the postmaterialist values explanation: evidence from four multinational surveys. Sociol Q 49(3):529–563
Fabrigar LR, Wegener DT, MacCallum RC, Strahan EJ (1999) Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychol Methods 4(3):272
Fox AM, Alzwawi SA, Refki D (2016) Islamism, secularism and the woman question in the aftermath of the Arab Spring: evidence from the Arab barometer. Polit Governance 4(4):40–57. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i4.767
Gorman B (2015) The case for cognitive interviewing techniques in the post-Arab Spring environment. Middle East Law Governance 7(1):50–60. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00701011
Grim BJ (2014) Growing religion and growing religious restrictions: a global overview. Int Area Stud Rev 17(2):134–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865914537054
Grinin L, Korotayev A, Tausch A (2016) Economic cycles, crises, and the global periphery. Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg
Hanson EO (2014) The catholic church in world politics. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Hedges LV, Olkin I (2014) Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic press, New York
Hoffman M, Jamal A (2012) The youth and the Arab Spring: cohort differences and similarities. Middle East Law Governance 4(1):168–188. https://doi.org/10.1163/187633712X632399
IBM SPSS (2007) Statistical package for the social sciences, user guide, version 14. http://www-01.ibm.com/. Accessed 10 May 2017
Inglehart RF (1988) The renaissance of political culture. Am Polit Sci Rev 82(04):1203–1230
Inglehart RF (2006) Mapping global values. Comp Sociol 5(2):115–136
Inglehart RF, Baker WE (2000) Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. Am Sociol Rev 65(1):19–51. http://scholaR.F.google.at/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=de&user=r3vC6IAAAAAJ&citation_for_view=r3vC6IAAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC. Accessed 10 May 2017
Inglehart RF, Norris P (2003) Rising tide: gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Inglehart RF, Norris P (2012) The four horsemen of the Apocalypse: understanding human security. Scand Polit Stud 35(1):71–95
Inglehart RF, Norris P (2016) Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: economic have-nots and cultural backlash. HKS working paper no. RWP16–026. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2818659. Accessed 10 May 2017
Inglehart RF, Welzel C (2003) Political culture and democracy: analyzing cross-level linkages. Comp Polit 36(1):61–79
Inglehart RF, Welzel C (2009) How development leads to democracy. What we know about modernization. Foreign Aff. Mar, Apr. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64821/ronald-Inglehart-and-christian-welzel/how-development-leads-to-democracy. Accessed 10 May 2017
Kim SY (2010) Do Asian values exist? Empirical tests of the four dimensions of Asian values. J East Asian Stud 315–344
Kimelman R (2004) Rabbis Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Abraham Joshua Heschel on Jewish-Christian relations. Mod Judaism 24(3):251–271
Kline P (2014) An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge, London
Knippenberg H (2015) Secularization and transformation of religion in post-war Europe. In the changing world religion appendix map. Springer, Netherlands, pp 2101–2127
Langer Research Associates (n.d.) Moe. http://www.langerresearch.com/moe/. Accessed 10 May 2017
Manuel PC, Reardon LC, Wilcox C (2006) The Catholic church and the nation-state: comparative perspectives. Georgetown University Press, Washington
McDonald RP (2014) Factor analysis and related methods. Psychology Press
Minkov M (2014) The K factor, societal hypometropia, and national values: a study of 71 nations. Personality Individ Differ 66:153–159
Minkov M, Hofstede G (2011) Cultural differences in a globalizing world. Bingley, Emerald
Minkov M, Hofstede G (2013) Cross-cultural analysis: the science and art of comparing the world’s modern societies and their cultures. Sage, Los Angeles
Mulaik SA (2009) Foundations of factor analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Nisbet EC, Nisbet MC, Scheufele DA, Shanahan JE (2004) Public diplomacy, television news, and muslim opinion. Harvard Int J Press/Polit 9(2):11–37
Norris P, Inglehart R (2002) Islamic culture and democracy: testing the ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis. Comp Sociol 1(3):235–263
Norris P, Inglehart RF (2012) Muslim integration into Western cultures: between origins and destinations. Polit Stud 60(2):228–251
Norris P, Inglehart R (2015) Are high levels of existential security conducive to secularization? A response to our critics. The changing world religion map. Springer, Netherlands, pp 3389–3408
Ogan C, Varol O (2016) What is gained and what is left to be done when content analysis is added to network analysis in the study of a social movement: Twitter use during Gezi park. Inf Commun Soc 20(8):1220–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1229006
Paragi B (2015) Eastern and western perceptions on EU aid in light of the Arab Spring. Democracy Secur 11(1):60–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2015.1006397
Pahwa S, Winegar J (2012). Culture, state and revolution. Middle East Rep 42(263)
Pew Research Center (2015) Spring survey 2015. http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/06/23/spring-2015-survey/
Pew Research Center (2016) Spring 2016 survey data. http://www.pewglobal.org/datasets/. Accessed 10 May 2017
Sjoberg L, Whooley J (2015) The Arab Spring for women? Representations of women in middle east politics in 2011. J Women Polit Policy 36(3):261–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2015.1050902
Suhr D (2012) Exploratory factor analysis with the world values survey. In: Proceedings of the SAS global forum 2012 conference, Orlando, Florida
Tausch A, Heshmati A, Karoui H (2014) The political algebra of global value change. In: General models and implications for the Muslim world. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge
Tessler M (2004) The view from the street: the attitudes and values of ordinary Algerians. J North Afr Stud 9(2):184–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362938042000323437
Weber I, Garimella VRK, Batayneh A (2013) Secular vs. Islamist polarization in Egypt on Twitter. Paper presented at the proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining, ASONAM 2013, pp 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1145/2492517.2492557
Yeşilada BA, Noordijk P (2010) Changing values in Turkey: religiosity and tolerance in comparative perspective. Turk Stud 11(1):9–27
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tausch, A. (2019). Methods and Data for the Analysis . In: Islamism, Arab Spring, and the Future of Democracy. Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91077-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91077-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91076-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91077-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)