Abstract
Numerous primary and secondary diseases affect the orbit and ocular adnexa. Almost any tissue type can be involved with specific pathologies, including osseous, vascular, neural, muscular, and glandular structures. Tumors, infections, and inflammations can secondarily invade the orbit from adjacent periorbital regions such as the paranasal sinuses, eyelids, and intracranial compartment. Because of the small size of the orbit confined by bony walls and the juxtaposition of a large number of diverse structures that subserve visual function as well as facial functions, it is not surprising that ophthalmic symptoms are common presenting findings with most orbital diseases. A careful and complete ophthalmic and systemic history, including chief complaint, major ophthalmic symptoms, nature of onset, and duration of symptoms, as well as a thorough ophthalmic examination and radiologic imaging is essential to establish a likely diagnosis and to plan medical or surgical management.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rootman J. Diseases of the orbit. A multidisciplinary approach. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1988.
Shields JA. Diagnosis and management of orbital tumors. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1989. p. 89–122.
Dutton JJ, Byrne SF, Proia AD. Diagnostic atlas of orbital diseases. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000.
Shields JA, Shields CL, Scartozzi R. Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: the 2002 montgomery lecture, part I. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:997–1008.
Dutton JJ. Atlas of clinical and surgical orbital anatomy. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1994. p. 201–32.
Dutton JJ. Radiographic evaluation of the orbit. In: Doxanas MT, Anderson RL, editors. Clinical orbital anatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1984. p. 35–56.
Armington WG, Bilaniuk LT. The radiologic evaluation of the orbit: conal and intraconal lesions. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI. 1988;9:455–73.
De Potter P, Shields JA, Shields CL. MRI of the eye and orbit. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1995. p. 3–17.
Dortzbach RK, Kronish JW, Gentry LR. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. Part II. Clinical applications. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;5:160–70.
Mafee MF, Putterman A, Valvassori GE, Campos M, Capek V. Orbital space-occupying lesions: role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin N Am. 1987;25:529–59.
Tien RD, Chu PK, Hesselink JR, Szumoski J. Intra- and paraorbital lesions: value of fat-suppression MR imaging with paramagnetic contrast enhancement. Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:245–53.
Byrne SF, Green RL. Ultrasound of the eye and orbit. St. Louis: Mosby-YearBook; 1992.
Ossoinig KC. Echography of the eye, orbit and paraorbital region. In: Arger PH, editor. Orbit roentgenology. New York: Wiley; 1977.
Crawford JS. Diseases of the orbit. In: Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Ophthalmology, editor. The eye in childhood. Chicago: YearBook; 1967.
Forrest AW. Intraorbital tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1949;41:198–232.
Henderson JW, Farrow GM. Orbital tumors. 2nd ed. New York: Brian C. Decker (Thieme-Stratton); 1980. p. 67–74.
Iliff CE, Ossofsky HJ. Tumors of the orbit. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1957;55:505–41.
Ingalis RG. Tumors of the orbit and allied pseudo- tumors. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas; 1953.
Kennedy RE. An evaluation of 820 orbital cases. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1984;82:134–57.
MacCarty CS, Brown DN. Orbital tumors in children. Clin Neurosurg. 1964;11:76–93.
Moss MH. Expanding lesions of the orbit: a clinical study of 230 consecutive cases. Am J Ophthalmol. 1962;54:761–70.
Porterfleld JF. Orbital tumors in children: a report on 214 cases. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1962;2:319–35.
Reese AB. Expanding lesions of the orbit. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1971;91:85–104.
Shields JA, Bakewell B, Augsburger JJ, et al. Space-occupying orbital masses in children: a review of 250 consecutive biopsies. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:379–84.
Shields JA, Bakewell B, Augsburger JJ, et al. Classification and incidence of space-occupying lesions of the orbit. A survey of 645 biopsies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:1606–11.
Sherman RP, Rootman J, LaPointe JS. Orbital dermoids: clinical presentation and management. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986;101:726–9.
Avery G, Tang RA, Close LG. Ophthalmic manifestations of mucoceles. Ann Ophthalmol. 1983;15:734–7.
Shields JA, Shields CL. Orbital cysts of childhood – classification, clinical features, and management. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49:281–99.
Gordon LK. Diagnostic dilemmas in orbital inflammatory disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2003;11:2–15.
McNab AA, McKelvi P. IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. Part II: clinical aspects. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31:167–78.
Jakobiec FA, Jones IS. Vascular tumors, malformations and degenerations. In: Jones IS, Jakobiec FA, editors. Diseases of the orbit. Hagerstown: Harper & Row; 1979. p. 269–308.
Rootman J, Hay E, Graebo D, et al. Orbital-adnexal lymphangiomas: a spectrum of hemodynamically isolated vascular hamartomas. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:1558–70.
Buckmiller LM. Update on hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12:476–87.
Korbin EA, Blodi FC, Weingeist TA. Ocular and orbital manifestations of neurofibromatosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;188:118–27.
Della Rocca RC, Roen J, Labay JR, et al. Isolated neurofibroma of the orbit. Ophthalmic Surg. 1985;16:634–8.
Konrad GB, Thiel HJ. Schwannoma of the orbit. Ophthalmologica. 1984;188:118–27.
Rootman J, Goldberg C, Robertson W. Primary orbital schwannomas. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982;66:194–204.
Dutton JJ, Tawfik HA, DeBacker CM, Lipham WJ, et al. Multiple recurrences in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the orbit: a case report and a review of the literature. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;17:293–9.
Dutton JJ. Gliomas of the anterior visual pathways. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;38:427–52.
Dutton JJ. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;37:167–83.
Mortada A. Fibroma of the orbit. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55:350–2.
Meekins B, Dutton JJ, Proia AD. Primary orbital leiomyosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:82–6.
Font RL, Hidayat AA. Fibrous histiocytoma of the orbit. A clinicopathologic study of 150 cases. Hum Pathol. 1982;13:199–209.
Shields JA. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. In: Hornblass A, editor. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1987.
Font RL, Gamel JW. Epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland: an analysis of 265 cases. In: Jakobiec FA, editor. Ocular and adnexal tumors. Birmingham: Aesculapius; 1978.
Forrest AW. Lacrimal gland tumors. In: Jones IS, Jakobiec FA, editors. Diseases of the orbit. Hagerstown: Harper & Row; 1979. p. 355.
Goder GJ. Tumours of the lacrimal gland. Orbit. 1982;1:91–6.
Zimmerman LA, Sanders TE, Ackerman LV. Epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland: prognostic and therapeutic significance of histologic types. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1962;2:337–67.
Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC, et al. Pleomorphic adenoma (“benign mixed tumor”) of the lacrimal gland. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:560–1.
Font RL, Gamel JW. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. A clinicopathologic study of 79 cases. In: Nicholson DH, editor. Ocular pathology update. New York: Masson; 1980. p. 277–83.
Gündüz AK, Yeşiltaş YS, Shields CL. Overview of benign and malignant lacrimal gland tumors. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29:458–68.
Ferry AP, Font RL. Carcinoma metastatic to the eye and orbit. I. A clinicopathologic study of 227 cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;92:276–86.
Hart WM. Metastatic carcinoma to the eye and orbit. In: Zimmerman LE, editor. Tumors of the eye and adnexa. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1962; 2:465–82.
Shields CL, Shields JA, Peggs M. Metastatic tumors to the orbit. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;4:73–80.
Bonavolontà G, Strianese D, Grassi P, et al. An analysis of 2,480 space-occupying lesions of the orbit from 1976 to 2011. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29:79–86.
Knowles DM II, Jakobiec FA. Ocular adnexal lymphoid neoplasms: clinical, histopathologic, electron microscopic, and immunologic characteristics. Hum Pathol. 1982;13:148–62.
Ellis JH, Banks PM, Campbell RJ, et al. Lymphoid tumors of the ocular adnexa. Clinical correlation with the working formulation, classification and immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin sections. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1311–24.
Jakobiec FA, Iwamoto T, Knowles DM II. Ocular adnexal lymphoid tumors. Correlative ultrastructural and immunologic marker studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:84–98.
Kincaid MC, Green WR. Ocular and orbital involvement in leukemia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1983;27:211–32.
Coupland SE. Lymphoproliferative lesions of the ocular adnexa. Differential diagnostic guidelines. Ophthalmologe. 2004;101:197–215.
Andrew NH, Coupland SE, Pirbhai A, Selva D. Lymphoid hyperplasia of the orbit and ocular adnexa: a clinical pathologic review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016;61:778–9.
Olsen TG, Heegaard S. Orbital lymphoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019;64:45–66.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Dutton, J.J. (2020). Introduction to Orbital Diseases. In: Albert, D., Miller, J., Azar, D., Young, L.H. (eds) Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_58-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_58-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90495-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90495-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine