Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology

  • 46 Accesses

Abstract

First described by Walter Dandy, M.D., the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome remains a challenging disorder to diagnose and treat. The idiopathic form, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, most commonly affects obese women of childbearing ago although the pathogenesis is still uncertain. Patients may initially experience headaches, visual symptoms, and pulsatile tinnitus. The presence of papilledema, neuroimaging studies to both support the diagnosis and exclude a secondary cause, and an elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure confirm the diagnosis. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating medical and surgical options, with the primary goal of preserving vision. The ophthalmologist has a key role in the diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of patients with this disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dandy WE. Intracranial pressure without brain tumor. Diagnosis and treatment. Ann Surg. 1937;106:492–513.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Durcan J, Corbett JJ. The incidence of pseuduotumor cerebri: population studies in Iowa and Louisiana. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:875–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Goudie C, Shah P, McKee J, et al. The incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Scotland: a SOSU study. Eye. 2019;33:1570. (Epub ahead of print, PMID 31040381).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Klein A, Dotan G, Kesler A. Familial occurrence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Isr Med Assoc J. 2018;20:557–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Corbett J. Familial idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2008;28:337–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Friedman DI, Liu G, Digre KB. Diagnostic criteria for the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in adults and children. Neurology. 2013;81(13):1159–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Giuseffi V, Wall M, Siegel PZ, et al. Symptoms and disease associations in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): a case-control study. Neurology. 1991;41:239–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wall M, McDermott MP, Kieburtz KD, et al. Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss. JAMA Neurol. 2014;13(16):1641–51.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Friedman DI, Quiros PS, Mejico LJ, et al. Headache in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: findings from the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial. Headache. 2017;57:1195–205.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Digre KB, Bruce BB, McDermott MP, et al. Quality of life in idiopathic intracranial hypertension at diagnosis: IIH treatment trial results. Neurology. 2015;84:2449–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Wall M, Kupersmith MJ, Kieburtz KD, et al. The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial. Clinical profile at baseline. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:693–701.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen JJ, Thurtell MJ, Longmuir RA, et al. Causes and prognosis of visual acuity loss at the time of initial presentation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:3850–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Wall M, Falardeau J, Fletcher WA, et al. Risk factors for poor visual outcome in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2015;85:799–805.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Friedman DI, Forman S, Levi L, et al. Unusual ocular motility disturbances with increased intracranial pressure. Neurology. 1998;50:1893–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Skau M, Sander B, Milea D, et al. Disease activity in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a 3-month follow-up study. J Neurol. 2011;258:277–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lansley JA, Tucker W, Ericksen MR, et al. Sigmoid sinus diverticulum, dehiscence, and venous sinus stenosis: potential causes of pulsatile tinnitus in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38:1783–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Samara A, Ghazaleh D, Berry B, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension presenting with isolated unilateral facial nerve palsy: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2019;13:94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Spennato P, Ruggiero C, Parlato RS, et al. Pseudotumor ceerbri. Child Nerv Syst. 2011;27:215–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Digre KB, Varner MW, Corbett JJ. Pseudotumor cerebri and pregnancy. Neurology. 1984;34:721–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stiebel-Kalish H, Lusky M, Yassur Y, et al. Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm fast for following visual fields in prepubertal idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:1673–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Patel DE, Cumberland PM, Walters BC, et al. Study of optimal perimetric testing in children (OPTIC): evaluation of kinetic approaches in childhood neuro-ophthalmic disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;108:1085–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Corbett JJ, Jacobson DM, Mauer RC, et al. Enlargement of blind spot caused by papilledema. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:261–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ney JJ, Volpe NJ, Liu GT, et al. Functional visual loss in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1808–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Egan RA, LaFrance WC Jr. Functional vision disorder. Semin Neurol. 2015;35:57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Cello KE, Keltner JL, Johnson CA, et al. Factors affecting visual field outcomes in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial. J Neuroophthalmol. 2016;36:6–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Thompson HS, Montague P, Cox TA, et al. The relationship between visual acuity, pupillary defect, and visual field loss. Am J Ophthalmol. 2081;93:681–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Scott CJ, Kardon RH, Lee AG, et al. Diagnosis and grading of papilledema in patients with raised intracranial pressure using optical coherence tomography vs clinical expert assessment using a clinical staging scale. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:705–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sibony PA, Kupersmith MJ, Feldon SE, et al. Retinal and choroidal folds in papilledema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:5670–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Kupersmith MJ, Sibony PA, Feldon SE, et al. The effect of treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension on prevalence of retinal and choroidal folds. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;176:77–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sinclair AJ, Burdon MA, Nightingale PG, et al. Rating papilloedema: an evaluation of the Frisén classification in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol. 2012;259:1406–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. OCT Sub-Study Committee for NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group, Auinger P, Durbin M, et al. Baseline OCT measurements in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial, part I: quality control, comparisons, and variability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:8180–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. OCT Sub-Study Committee for NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group, Auinger P, Durbin M, et al. Baseline OCT measurements in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial, part II: correlations and relationship to clinical features. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:8173–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of MRI signs for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Eur J Radiol. 2019;116:106–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Butros ST, Goncalves LF, Thompson D, et al. Imaging features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, including a new finding: widening of the foramen ovale. Acta Radio. 2012;53:682–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kohli AA, Vossough A, Mallery RM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in pediatric pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2019;99:31–9. (Epub ahead of print, PMID 31303369).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Reddy M, Baugnon K. Imaging of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and otorrhea. Radiol Clin N Am. 2017;55:167–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pérez MA, Bialer OY, Bruce BB, et al. Primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013;33:330–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Neville L, Egan RA. Frequency and amplitude of elevation of cerebrospinal fluid resting pressure by the Valsalva maneuver. Can J Ophthalmol. 2005;40:775–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Eidlitz-Markus T, Stiebel-Kalish H, Rubin Y, et al. CSF pressure measurement during anesthesia: an unreliable technique. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;15:1078–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Avery RA, Shah SS, Licht DJ, et al. Reference range for cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure in children. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:891–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee SC, Lueck CJ. Cerebrospinal pressure in adults. J Neuroophthalmol. 2014;34:278–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Xu DS, Hlubek RJ, Muolholland CB, et al. Use of intracranial pressure monitoring frequently refutes the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. World Neurosurg. 2017;104:167–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Perloff MD, Parikh SK, Fiorito-Torres F, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid removal for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: less cerebrospinal fluid is best. J Neuroophthalmol. 2019;39:330–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lu P, Goyal M, Huecker JB, et al. Identifying incidence of and risk factors for fluoroscopy-guided lumbar puncture and persistent low-pressure syndrome in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2019;39:161–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pollak L, Zohar E, Glovinsky Y, et al. The laboratory profile in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurol Sci. 2015;36:1189–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Friedman DI, McDermott MP, Kieburtz K, et al. The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial: design considerations and methods. J Neuroophthalmol. 2014;34:107–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Celebisoy N, Gökçay F, Sirin H, et al. Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: topiramate vs acetazolamide, an open label study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;116:332–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Shah TJ, Moshirfar M, Hoopes PC Sr. “Doctor, I have a sulfa allergy”: clarifying and myths of cross reactivity. Ophthalmol Ther. 2018;7:211–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Lee AG, Anderson R, Kardon RH, et al. Presumed “sulfa allergy” in patients with intracranial hypertension treated with acetazolamide or furosemide: cross-reactivity, myth or reality? Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:114–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kwon YJ, Allen JL, Liu GT, et al. Presumed pseudotumor cerebri syndrome after withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids. Pediatrics. 2016;137:e20152091. (PMID 27244842).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Ferrara G, Petrillo MG, Giani T, et al. Clinical use and molecular action of corticosteroids in the pediatric age. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(2):444. PMID 30669566.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Yasir M, Sonthalia S. Corticosteroid adverse effects. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2019. PMID 30285357.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Panagopoulos GN, Deftereos SN, Tagaris GA, et al. Octerotide: a therapeutic option for idiopathic intracranial hypotension. Neurol Neurophysiol Neurosci. 2007;10:1.

    Google Scholar 

  54. House PM, Stodieck SR. Octreotide: the IIH therapy beyond weight loss, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, lumbar punctures and surgical/interventional treatments. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;150:181–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Katz SE, Klisovic DD, D’Orisio S, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptors 1 and 2 in human choroid plexus and arachnoid granulations. Implications for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1540–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mollan SP, Hoffmann J, Sinclair AJ. Advances in the understanding of headache in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32:92–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Friedman DI. Headaches in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2019;39:82–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Friedman DI, Rauche E. Headache diagnoses in patients with treated idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2002;58:1551–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. McGirt MJ, Woodworth G, Thomas G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement for pseudotumor cerebri-associated intractable headache: predictors of treatment response and analysis of long-term outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:627–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ireland B, Corbett JJ, Wallace RB. The search for causes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A preliminary case-control study. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:315–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ko MW, Chang SC, Ridha MA, et al. Weight gain and recurrence in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a case control study. Neurology. 2011;76:1563–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Kupersmith MJ, Gamell L, Turbin R, et al. Effects of weight loss on the course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in women. Neurology. 1998;50:1094–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Johnson LN, Krohel GB, Madsen RW, et al. The role of weight loss and acetazolamide in the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Ophthalmology. 1998;105:2313–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sinclair AJ, Burdon MA, Nightingale PG, et al. Low energy diet and intracranial pressure in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c2701.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Friedman DI, Streeten DH. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and orthostatic edema may share a common pathogenesis. Neurology. 1998;50:1099–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Handley JD, Baruah BP, Williams DM, et al. Bariatric surgery as a treatment for intracranial hypertension: a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:1396–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Manfield JH, Kenny K-H, Yu EE, et al. Bariatric surgery or non-surgical weight loss for idiopathic intracranial hypertension? A systematic review and comparison of meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2017;27:513–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ball AK, Howman A, Wheatley K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol. 2011;258:874–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kalyvas AV, Highes M, Koutsarnakis C, et al. Efficacy, complications and cost of surgical interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review of the literature. Acta Neurochir. 2017;159:33–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Onder H, Ergun O, Kaygisiz M, et al. Total improvement after surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a patient with concurrent malignant idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. 2018;17:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Thurtell MJ, Trotti LM, Bixler EO, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: comparison with population matched data. J Neurol. 2013;260:1748–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Fishman RA. Formation of the CSF. In: Fishman RA, editor. Cerebrospinal fluid in disease of the nervous system. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1992. p. 24–5.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Horev A, Hallevy H, Plakht Y, et al. Changes in cerebral venous sinuses diameter after lumbar puncture in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a prospective MRI study. J Neuroimaging. 2013;23:375–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Buell TJ, Raper DMS, Pomeraniec IJ, et al. Transient resolution of venous sinus stenosis after high-volume lumbar puncture in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. 2018;129:153–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jiramongkolchai K, Buckley EG, Bhatti MT, et al. Temporary lumbar drain as a treatment for pediatric fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;37:126–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Kellman SE, Sergott RC, Cioffi GA, et al. Modified optic nerve decompression in patients with functioning lumboperitoneal shunts and progressive visual loss. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1449–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Surgical Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (SIGHT). https://clinicaltrials.gov.ct2/NCT03501966. Accessed 28 Nov 2019.

  78. Chandran A, Pulhorn H, McMahon C. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension VISION (venous intervention versus shunting for IIH for optic nerve disc swelling) trial: patient perspective questionnaire. Br J Neurosurg. 2019;33:71–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Goel A, Craven C, Matloob S, et al. CSF-diverting shunts: implications for abdominal and pelvic surgeons: a review and pragmatic overview. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2019;48:100–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Rizzo JL, Lam KV, Wall M, et al. Perimetry, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and papilledema grade after cerebrospinal fluid shunting in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2015;35:22–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Menger RP, Connor DE Jr, Thakur JD, et al. A comparison of lumboperitoneal and ventriculopertoneal shunting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an analysis of economic impact and complications using the Nationwide inpatient sample. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;37:E4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Azad TD, Zhang T, Varshneya A, et al. Lumboperitoneal and ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension demonstrate comparable failure and complication rates. Neurosurgery. 2019;86:272. (Epub ahead of print). PMID 30937428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Garrity JA. What is the current status of optic nerve sheath fenestration? J Neuroophthalmol. 2016;36:231–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Tarrats L, Hernández G, Busquets JM, et al. Outcomes of endoscopic optic nerve decompression in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Int Forum Allergy Rhino. 2017;7:615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Alsuhaibani AH, Carter KD, Nerad JA, et al. Effect of optic nerve sheath fenestration on papilledema of the operated and the contralateral nonoperated eyes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:412–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Spoor TC, Ramocki JM, Madion MP, et al. Treatment of pseudotumor cerebri by primary and secondary optic nerve sheath decompression. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112:177–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Farb RI, Vaneck I, Scott JN, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis. Neurology. 2003;13:1418–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Teleb MS, Me C, Lazzaro MA, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic analysis of transverse sinus stenting. Interv Neurol. 2013;2:132–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. McDougall CM, Ban VS, Beecher J, et al. Fifty shades of gradients: does the pressure gradient matter in venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension? J Neurosurg. 2018;1:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Saber H, Lewis W, Sadeghi M, et al. Stent survival and stent-adjacent stenosis rates following venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Interv Neurol. 2018;7:490–500.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Dinkin MJ, Patsalides A. Venous sinus stenting in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: results of a prospective trial. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37:113–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Patsalides A, Oliveira C, Wilcox J, et al. Venous sinus stenting lowers the intracranial pressure in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019;11:175–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kesler A, Kupferminc M. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and pregnancy. Clin Obstetr Gyn. 2013;2:389–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Falardeau J, Lobb BM, Golden S, et al. The use of acetazolamide during pregnancy in intracranial hypertension patients. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013;33:9–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bermherzig R, Szperka CL. Pseudotumor cerebri in children. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23:58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Meng C, Lai CT, Jing Y, et al. Clinical analysis of 36 cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension complicated with iron deficiency anemia. Zhonghua Yi Zue Za Zhi. 2019;99:2592–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gondi KT, Chen KS, Gratton SM. Asymptomatic versus symptomatic idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children. J Child Neurol. 2019;34:751–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Fisayo A, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, et al. Overdiagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2016;86:341–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Chagot C, Blonski M, Machu JL, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: prognostic factors and multidisciplinary management. J Obes. 2017;2017:5348928.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Agarwal A, Vibha D, Prasad K, et al. Predictors of poor visual outcome in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): an ambispective cohort study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017;159:13–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Wall M, Thurtell MJ, NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group. Optic disc haemorrhages at baseline as a risk factor for poor outcome in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101:1256–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Deborah I. Friedman

Authors
  1. Deborah I. Friedman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deborah I. Friedman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University Department of Ophthalmology, Portland, OR, USA

    Daniel Albert

  2. Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA

    Joan Miller

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Ophthalmology, Chicago, IL, USA

    Dimitri Azar

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Lucy H. Young

Section Editor information

  1. McGill University, Montreal, Canada

    Leonard Levin

  2. Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, USA

    Dean Cestari

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Friedman, D.I. (2021). Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri). In: Albert, D., Miller, J., Azar, D., Young, L.H. (eds) Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_50-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_50-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90495-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90495-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation