Abstract
Rewriting Logic and Automata are complimentary approaches for developing executable models of concurrent/distributed systems that can be analyzed by prototyping, and multiple methods of model-checking. A joint project between my group at SRI and Farhad’s group at CWI is developing formal methods to diagnose the cause of undesired behavior of autonomous (cyber physical) systems operating in unpredictable environments. CWI is working on theory development based on automata, exploring composition mechanisms in multiple dimensions, and developing logic that supports reasoning about compositionality. The SRI work is based on rewriting logic and is focused on methods for system specification and model-checking in the context of faults and environmental threats. The two approaches share a common feature, namely the assignment of preferences to possible actions to model locally robust adaptive behavior. Preferences are elements of constraint semirings (soft constraints), structures that provide operations for comparison and composition.
In this paper we explore the similarities, differences and synergies highlighting the insights that arise by pursuing complimentary approaches.
The work was partially supported by ONR grant N00014-15-1-2202.
This paper is dedicated to Farhad on the occasion of his retirement from CWI. Farhad is both a colleague and a friend. The paper is a start towards realizing the potential synergy between Reo and Maude that underlies much of our collaboration. Here’s to the beginning of a new phase in a research agenda full of exciting ideas, and also an opportunity to explore new ideas and passions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Recall that, in \(\mathbb {W}\), higher values reflect a lower preference (a higher weight); thus, \(\mathsf {charge}\) is preferred over \(\mathsf {discharge}_1\).
- 2.
, are lifted pointwise to action sequences.
- 3.
We chose this minimal rule set to reduce the search space by minimizing interleaving that is not important for the properties of interest.
- 4.
The patrol bot case study is based on an unpublished case study consisting of a Maude specification of the SA framework and modules specifying patrol bots that are used by the project to test ideas.
References
Arbab, F., Mavaddat, F.: Coordination through channel composition. In: Arbab, F., Talcott, C. (eds.) COORDINATION 2002. LNCS, vol. 2315, pp. 22–39. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46000-4_6
Arbab, F., Santini, F.: Preference and similarity-based behavioral discovery of services. In: ter Beek, M.H., Lohmann, N. (eds.) WS-FM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7843, pp. 118–133. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38230-7_8
Bae, K., Meseguer, J.: The linear temporal logic of rewriting Maude model checker. In: Ölveczky, P.C. (ed.) WRLA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6381, pp. 208–225. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16310-4_14
Bistarelli, S.: Semirings for Soft Constraint Solving and Programming. LNCS, vol. 2962. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/b95712
Bistarelli, S., Martinelli, F., Matteucci, I., Santini, F.: A formal and run-time framework for the adaptation of local behaviours to match a global property. In: Kouchnarenko, O., Khosravi, R. (eds.) FACS 2016. LNCS, vol. 10231, pp. 134–152. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57666-4_9
Bistarelli, S., Montanari, U., Rossi, F.: Constraint solving over semirings. In: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 624–630 (1995)
Bistarelli, S., Montanari, U., Rossi, F.: Semiring-based constraint satisfaction and optimization. J. ACM 44(2), 201–236 (1997)
Why BNSF railway is using drones to inspect thousands of miles of rail lines. http://fortune.com/2015/05/29/bnsf-drone-program/. Accessed 11 Mar 2016
Choi, J.S., McCarthy, T., Yadav, M., Kim, M., Talcott, C., Gressier-Soudan, E.: Application patterns for cyber-physical systems. In: IEEE 1st International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, Networks, and Applications, pp. 52–59 (2013)
Choi, J.-S., McCarthy, T., Kim, M., Stehr, M.-O.: Adaptive wireless networks as an example of declarative fractionated systems. In: Stojmenovic, I., Cheng, Z., Guo, S. (eds.) MindCare 2014. LNICST, vol. 131, pp. 549–563. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11569-6_43
Clavel, M., Durán, F., Eker, S., Lincoln, P., MartĂ-Oliet, N., Meseguer, J., Talcott, C.: All About Maude: A High-Performance Logical Framework. LNCS, vol. 4350. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71999-1
Das, J., Cross, G., Qu, C., Makineni, A., Tokekar, P., Mulgaonkar, Y., Kumar, V.: Devices, systems, and methods for automated monitoring enabling precision agriculture. In: IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (2015)
Debouk, R., Lafortune, S., Teneketzis, D.: Coordinated decentralized protocols for failure diagnosis of discrete event systems. Discret. Event Dyn. Syst. 10(1–2), 33–86 (2000)
Autonomous Taxi Drones. https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2017/02/14/dubai-autonomous-taxi-drones-ehang/#54543d934702. Accessed 11 Mar 2017
Gadducci, F., Hölzl, M., Monreale, G.V., Wirsing, M.: Soft constraints for lexicographic orders. In: Castro, F., Gelbukh, A., González, M. (eds.) MICAI 2013. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8265, pp. 68–79. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45114-0_6
Goessler, G., Astefanoaei, L.: Blaming in component-based real-time systems. In: International Conference on Embedded Software, EMSOFT 2014, pp. 7:1–7:10 (2014)
Gössler, G., Stefani, J.-B.: Fault ascription in concurrent systems. In: Ganty, P., Loreti, M. (eds.) TGC 2015. LNCS, vol. 9533, pp. 79–94. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28766-9_6
Hölzl, M., Meier, M., Wirsing, M.: Which soft constraints do you prefer? In: Seventh International Workshop on Rewriting Logic and Its Applications (WRLA’2008). Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Elsevier (2008)
Hölzl, M., Wirsing, M.: Towards a system model for ensembles. In: Agha, G., Danvy, O., Meseguer, J. (eds.) Formal Modeling: Actors, Open Systems, Biological Systems. LNCS, vol. 7000, pp. 241–261. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24933-4_12
Hölzl, M.M., Meier, M., Wirsing, M.: Which soft constraints do you prefer? Electr. Notes Theoret. Comput. Sci. 238(3), 189–205 (2009)
Jongmans, S.T., Kappé, T., Arbab, F.: Constraint automata with memory cells and their composition. Sci. Comput. Program. 146, 50–86 (2017)
Kappé, T., Arbab, F., Talcott, C.L.: A compositional framework for preference-aware agents. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Verification and Validation of Cyber-Physical Systems (V2CPS), pp. 21–35 (2016)
Kappé, T., Arbab, F., Talcott, C.: A component-oriented framework for autonomous agents. In: Proença, J., Lumpe, M. (eds.) FACS 2017. LNCS, vol. 10487, pp. 20–38. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68034-7_2
Kernbach, S., Schmickl, T., Timmis, J.: Collective adaptive systems: challenges beyond evolvability. In: Fundamentals of Collective Adaptive Systems. European Commission (2009)
Kim, M., Stehr, M.-O., Talcott, C.: A distributed logic for networked cyber-physical systems. In: Arbab, F., Sirjani, M. (eds.) FSEN 2011. LNCS, vol. 7141, pp. 190–205. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29320-7_13
Kim, M., Stehr, M.O., Talcott, C.L.: A distributed logic for networked cyber-physical systems. Sci. Comput. Program. 78(12), 2453–2467 (2013)
Vijay Kumar Lab. http://www.kumarrobotics.org/. Accessed 11 Mar 2016
Robots that Fly and Cooperate (2015). TED talk: https://www.ted.com/talks/vijay_kumar_robots_that_fly_and_cooperate?language=en. Accessed 07 Mar 2016
Liquid Robotics. http://liquidr.com. Accessed 11 Mar 2016
Loreti, M., Hillston, J.: Modelling and analysis of collective adaptive systems with CARMA and its tools. In: Bernardo, M., De Nicola, R., Hillston, J. (eds.) SFM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9700, pp. 83–119. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34096-8_4
Mason, I.A., Talcott, C.L.: IOP: the InterOperability platform & IMaude: an interactive extension of Maude. In: Fifth International Workshop on Rewriting Logic and Its Applications (WRLA’2004). Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Elsevier (2004)
The Maude System. http://maude.cs.uiuc.edu. Accessed 15 Nov 2014
Meseguer, J.: Conditional rewriting logic as a unified model of concurrency. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 96(1), 73–155 (1992)
Neidig, J., Lunze, J.: Decentralised diagnosis of automata networks. In: IFAC Proceedings, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 400–405 (2005)
Ölveczky, P.C., Meseguer, J.: Semantics and pragmatics of real-time Maude. High.-Order Symb. Comput. 20(1–2), 161–196 (2007)
Invetory Robotics. http://www.pinc.com/inventory-robotics-cycle-counting-drones. Accessed 11 Apr 2017
Sampath, M., Sengupta, R., Lafortune, S., Sinnamohideen, K., Teneketzis, D.: Failure diagnosis using discrete-event models. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 4(2), 105–124 (1996)
Stehr, M.-O., Kim, M., Talcott, C.: Partially ordered knowledge sharing and fractionated systems in the context of other models for distributed computing. In: Iida, S., Meseguer, J., Ogata, K. (eds.) Specification, Algebra, and Software. LNCS, vol. 8373, pp. 402–433. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54624-2_20
Stehr, M.-O., Talcott, C., Rushby, J., Lincoln, P., Kim, M., Cheung, S., Poggio, A.: Fractionated software for networked cyber-physical systems: research directions and long-term vision. In: Agha, G., Danvy, O., Meseguer, J. (eds.) Formal Modeling: Actors, Open Systems, Biological Systems. LNCS, vol. 7000, pp. 110–143. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24933-4_7
Talcott, C., Arbab, F., Yadav, M.: Soft agents: exploring soft constraints to model robust adaptive distributed cyber-physical agent systems. In: De Nicola, R., Hennicker, R. (eds.) Software, Services, and Systems. LNCS, vol. 8950, pp. 273–290. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15545-6_18
Talcott, C., Nigam, V., Arbab, F., Kappé, T.: Formal specification and analysis of robust adaptive distributed cyber-physical systems. In: Bernardo, M., De Nicola, R., Hillston, J. (eds.) SFM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9700, pp. 1–35. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34096-8_1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Talcott, C. (2018). From Soft Agents to Soft Component Automata and Back. In: de Boer, F., Bonsangue, M., Rutten, J. (eds) It's All About Coordination. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10865. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90089-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90089-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90088-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90089-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)