Abstract
In the late twentieth century, changing conceptions of violence, coupled with an increased awareness of the risk of genocide and mass atrocities, caused a reconsideration of what armed conflict looked like and how the world should respond. The Government of Canada developed and promoted an orientation toward a broad definition of security as an extension of their existing approach to international engagement and foreign policy. Through support for international bodies such as the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty as well as the explicit incorporation of the concept of human security into the Canadian development and security strategies and support for the Responsibility to Protect, the Canadian government effectively promoted broad concepts of peace and security in the United Nations and internationally.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acharya, A. (2001). Human Security: East Versus West. International Journal, 56(3), 442–460. https://doi.org/10.2307/40203577.
Acharya, A., & Acharya, A. (2001). Human Security in Asia: Conceptual Ambiguities and Common Understandings. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Beyond the Washington Consensus-Governance and the Public Domain in Contrasting Economies: The Cases of India and Canada, Chandigarh (pp. 12–14).
Annan, K. (1999, September 16). Two Concepts of Sovereignty. The Economist.
Annan, K. (2000). We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. New York, NY: United Nations.
Axworthy, L. (1997). Canada and Human Security: The Need for Leadership. International Journal, 52(2), 183–196.
Banda, M. (2007). The Responsibility to Protect: Moving the Agenda Forward. Ottawa, Canada: United Nations Association in Canada.
Bellamy, A. J. (2006). Whither the Responsibility to Protect? Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit. Ethics & International Affairs, 20(2), 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2006.00012.x.
Bellamy, A. J. (2008). Conflict Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 14(2), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.5555/ggov.2008.14.2.135.
Bellamy, A. J. (2009). Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Bellamy, A. J., & Drummond, C. (2011). The Responsibility to Protect in Southeast Asia: Between Non-interference and Sovereignty as Responsibility. The Pacific Review, 24(2), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2011.560958.
Bernard, P. (2006). Canada and Human Security: From the Axworthy Doctrine to Middle Power Internationalism. American Review of Canadian Studies, 36(2), 233–261.
Blatz, W. E. (1966). Human Security: Some Reflections. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Bosold, D., & Von Bredow, W. (2006). Human Security: A Radical or Rhetorical Shift in Canada’s Foreign Policy? International Journal, 61(4), 829–844.
Bosold, D., & Werthes, S. (2005). Human Security in Practice: Canadian and Japanese Experiences. Internationale Politik Und Gesellschaft, 1(2005), 84–101.
Bourdieu, P. (1979). Symbolic Power. Critique of Anthropology, 4(13–14), 77–85.
Capie, D. (2004). Between a Hegemon and a Hard Place: The ‘War on Terror’ and Southeast Asian–US Relations. The Pacific Review, 17(2), 223–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951274042000219833.
Carpenter, C., Duygulu, S., Montgomery, A. H., & Rapp, A. (2014). Explaining the Advocacy Agenda: Insights from the Human Security Network. International Organization, 68(2), 449–470.
Chapnick, A. (2011). A Diplomatic Counter-Revolution: Conservative Foreign Policy, 2006–11 over the Transom. International Journal, 67(1), 137–154.
Chapnick, A., & Kukucha, C. J. (2016). Conservative Foreign Policy in the Harper era. In A. Chapnick & C. J. Kukucha (Eds.), The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Cheung-Gertler, J. H. (2007). A Model Power for a Troubled World—Canadian National Interests and Human Security in the 21st Century. International Journal, 62(3), 589–607.
Christian Century Company. (1931). The Christian Century, 48, 483. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?id=xJc5AQAAIAAJ&q=%22human+security%22+%22world+farm+problem%22&dq=%22human+security%22+%22world+farm+problem%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-pZfxn5DbAhVJyYMKHYx-DL4Q6AEIKTAA.
Christiano, T. (2004). The Authority of Democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(3), 266–290.
Cingranelli, D. L., & Richards, D. L. (1999). Respect for Human Rights After the End of the Cold War. Journal of Peace Research, 36(5), 511–534.
Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4), 563–595.
CTVNews.ca. (2015, November 6). Trudeau Government Renames Key Departments. Retrieved from: http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/trudeau-government-renames-key-departments-1.2646008.
Cushion, C., & Jones, R. L. (2006). Power, Discourse, and Symbolic Violence in Professional Youth Soccer: The Case of Albion Football Club. Sociology of Sport Journal, 23(2), 142–161.
Daalder, I. H. (2001). Are the United States and Europe Heading for Divorce? International Affairs, 77(3), 553–567.
Dallaire, R. (2004). Shake Hands with the Devil the Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. New York: Carroll & Graf.
DFAIT. (1999). Human Security: Safety for People in a Changing World. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.
Evans, G. (2016). Responsibility to Protect (R2P): The ICISS Commission Fifteen Years on (Simons Papers in Security and Development No. 54/2016). School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University.
Evans, G., & Sahnoun, M. (2001). Intervention and State Sovereignty: Breaking New Ground. Global Governance, 7(2), 119–125.
Falk, R. A. (1999). Kosovo, World Order, and the Future of International Law. The American Journal of International Law, 93(4), 847–857. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555350.
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191.
Glennon, M. J. (2001). The Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter Law and the War on Terrorism: Military Action against Terrorists Under International Law. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 25(2), 539–558.
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from: http://www.globalr2p.org/about_us#history.
Government of Canada. (1995). Canada in the World: Government Statement. Ottawa: Government of Canada.
Government of Canada. (2017, November 28). The Peace and Stabilization Operations Program. Retrieved from: http://international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/response_conflict-reponse_conflits/psop.aspx?lang=eng.
Grabosky, P. (2013). Organised Crime and the Internet. The RUSI Journal, 158(5), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.847707.
Herman, E. S., & Brodhead, F. (1984). Demonstration Elections: U.S.-Staged Elections in the Dominican Republic, Vietnam and El Salvador. Boston, MA: South End Press.
Herr, K., & Anderson, G. (2003). Violent Youth or Violent Schools? A Critical Incident Analysis of Symbolic Violence. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 6(4), 415–433.
Holloway, S. K. (2006). Canadian Foreign Policy: Defining the National Interest. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Human Security Centre. (2006). Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Human Security Report Project. (2013). Human Security Report 2013: The Decline in Global Violence: Evidence, Explanation, and Contestation. Vancouver: Human Security Press.
Human Security Research Group. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.sfu.ca/internationalstudies/about/hsrg.html.
Human Security Unit. (2009). Human Security in Theory and Practice: An Overview of the Human Security Concept and the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security. New York, NY: United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2002). America’s Imperial Ambition. Foreign Affairs, 81(5), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/20033268.
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre.
Jessup, P. C. (1954). Should International Law Recognize an Intermediate Status Between Peace and War? The American Journal of International Law, 48(1), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.2307/2194736.
Jockel, J., & Sokolsky, J. (2000). Lloyd Axworthy’s Legacy: Human Security and the Rescue of Canadian Defence Policy. International Journal, 56(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/40203528.
Kaldor, M. (1999). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Kamidohzono, S., Gómez, O., & Mine, Y. (2015). Embracing Human Security: New Directions of Japan’s ODA for the 21st Century (JICA-RI Working Paper No. 94). Tokyo: JICA Research Institute.
Keating, T., & Murray, R. W. (2014). Mutual Constitution or Convenient National Interest? The Security Strategies of Canada and the United States Since 1991. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 20(3), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2014.977312.
Kikoler, N. (2009). Responsibility to Protect. In International Conference: Protecting People in Conflict and Crisis: Responding to the Challenges of a Changing World. Retrieved from: http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/publications/other/dp-responsibility-to-protect-2009.pdf.
Krause, K. (2008). Building the Agenda of Human Security: Policy and Practice Within the Human Security Network. International Social Science Journal, 59(s1), 65–79.
Kunz, J. L. (1947). Individual and Collective Self-Defense in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The American Journal of International Law, 41(4), 872–879. https://doi.org/10.2307/2193095.
Luck, E. C. (2011). The Responsibility to Protect: The First Decade. Global Responsibility to Protect, 3(4), 387–399.
Martin, M., & Owen, T. (2010). The Second Generation of Human Security: Lessons from the UN and EU Experience. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944–), 86(1), 211–224.
McRobbie, A. (2004). Notes on ‘What Not to Wear’ and Post-feminist Symbolic Violence. The Sociological Review, 52(s2), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00526.x.
Moens, A. (2008). Afghanistan and the Revolution in Canadian Foreign Policy. International Journal, 63(3), 569–586.
Mokyr, J., & Grada, C. Ó. (2002). What Do People Die of During Famines: The Great Irish Famine in Comparative Perspective. European Review of Economic History, 6(3), 339–363.
Murray, R. W., & McCoy, J. (2010). From Middle Power to Peacebuilder: The Use of the Canadian Forces in Modern Canadian Foreign Policy. American Review of Canadian Studies, 40(2), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011003734712.
Paris, R. (2001). Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air? International Security, 26(2), 87–102.
Remacle, E. (2008). Approaches to Human Security: Japan, Canada and Europe in Comparative Perspective. The Journal of Social Science, 66, 5–34.
Richard Nossal, K. (2013). The Use—And Misuse—of R2P: The Case of Canada. In A. Hehir & R. Murray (Eds.), Libya, the Responsibility to Protect, and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention (pp. 110–129). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Roosevelt, F. D. (1941, January 6). 1941 State of the Union Address: The Four Freedoms. Retrieved from: http://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/fdr-the-four-freedoms-speech-text/.
Rudnytskyi, O., Levchuk, N., Wolowyna, O., Shevchuk, P., & Kovbasiuk, A. (2015). Demography of a Man-Made Human Catastrophe: The Case of Massive Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933. Canadian Studies in Population, 42(1–2), 53–80.
Simonton, D. K. (1979). Multiple Discovery and Invention: Zeitgeist, Genius, or Chance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(9), 1603–1616. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1603.
Stairs, D. (1994). Will and Circumstance and the Postwar Study of Canada’s Foreign Policy. International Journal, 50(1), 9–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/40202995.
Suhrke, A. (1999). Human Security and the Interests of States. Security Dialogue, 30(3), 265–276.
Thakur, R. (2002). Outlook: Intervention, Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: Experiences from ICISS. Security Dialogue, 33(3), 323–340.
Thomas, N., & Tow, W. T. (2002). The Utility of Human Security: Sovereignty and Humanitarian Intervention. Security Dialogue, 33(2), 177–192.
UNESCO MGIEP. (2017, October 6). “There Is No Peace Without Development and There Is No Development Without Peace”: Ms. Tawakkol Karman’s Ahinsa Lecture Highlights the Importance of Working Towards Building peace and Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: http://mgiep.unesco.org/there-is-no-peace-without-development-and-there-is-no-development-without-peace-ms-tawakkol-karmans-ahinsa-lecture-highlights-the-importance-of-working-towards-building-pe/.
U.N. General Assembly. (2005). 2005 World Summit Outcome. New York: United Nations.
United Nations. Charter of the United Nations (1945). Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html.
United Nations Development Programme. (1994). Human Development Report 1994. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Vorster, H. H., & Kruger, A. (2007). Poverty, Malnutrition, Underdevelopment and Cardiovascular Disease: A South African Perspective: Review Article. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 18(5), 321–324.
Wedgwood, R. (1999). NATO’s Campaign in Yugoslavia. The American Journal of International Law, 93(4), 828–834. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555347.
Weiss, T. G. (2006). R2P After 9/11 and the World Summit. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 24(3), 741–760.
Welsh, J., Thielking, C., & MacFarlane, S. N. (2002). The Responsibility to Protect: Assessing the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. International Journal, 57(4), 489–512. https://doi.org/10.2307/40203689.
Williams, I. (2002). Writing the Wrongs of Past Interventions: A Review of the International Committee on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The International Journal of Human Rights, 6(3), 103–113.
Wright, M. J. (1974). Should We Rediscover Blatz? Was His Psychology American, European or Uniquely Canadian? Canadian Psychologist/Psychologie Canadienne, 15(2), 140–144.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Seyle, D.C. (2019). Operationalizing Positive Peace: Canadian Approaches to International Security Policy and Practice. In: Kulnazarova, A., Popovski, V. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78905-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78905-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78904-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78905-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)