Abstract
The goal of these lecture notes is to survey some of the recent progress on the description of large-scale structure of random trees. We use the framework of Markov-Branching sequences of trees and discuss several applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
R. Abraham, J.-F. Delmas, Local limits of conditioned Galton-Watson trees: the condensation case. Electron. J. Probab. 19, 1–29 (2014)
R. Abraham, J.-F. Delmas, Local limits of conditioned Galton-Watson trees: the infinite spine case. Electron. J. Probab. 19, 1–19 (2014)
R. Abraham, J.-F. Delmas, P. Hoscheit, A note on the Gromov-Hausdorff-Prokhorov distance between (locally) compact metric measure spaces. Electron. J. Probab. 18(14), 1–21 (2013)
L. Addario-Berry, N. Broutin, C. Goldschmidt, The continuum limit of critical random graphs. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 152, 367–406 (2012)
L. Addario-Berry, N. Broutin, C. Holmgren, Cutting down trees with a Markov chainsaw. Ann. Appl. Probab. 24, 2297–2339 (2014)
L. Addario-Berry, N. Broutin, C. Goldschmidt, G. Miermont, The scaling limit of the minimum spanning tree of the complete graph. Ann. Probab. 45(5), 3075–3144 (2017)
M. Albenque, J.-F. Marckert, Some families of increasing planar maps. Electron. J. Probab. 13(56), 1624–1671 (2008)
D. Aldous, The continuum random tree. I. Ann. Probab. 19, 1–28 (1991)
D. Aldous, The continuum random tree. II. An overview, in Stochastic Analysis (Durham, 1990). London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, vol. 167 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991), pp. 23–70
D. Aldous, The continuum random tree III. Ann. Probab. 21, 248–289 (1993)
D. Aldous, Probability distributions on cladograms, in Random Discrete Structures (Minneapolis, MN, 1993). The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 76 (Springer, New York, 1996), pp. 1–18
J. Bertoin, Lévy Processes. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 121 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996)
J. Bertoin, Self-similar fragmentations. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 38, 319–340 (2002)
J. Bertoin, Random Fragmentation and Coagulation Processes. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol. 102 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006)
J. Bertoin, Fires on trees. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 48, 909–921 (2012)
J. Bertoin, Sizes of the largest clusters for supercritical percolation on random recursive trees. Random Struct. Algorithm 44, 29–44 (2014)
J. Bertoin, The cut-tree of large recursive trees. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 51, 478–488 (2015)
J. Bertoin, I. Kortchemski, Self-similar scaling limits of Markov chains on the positive integers. Ann. Appl. Probab. 26, 2556–2595 (2016)
J. Bertoin, G. Miermont, The cut-tree of large Galton-Watson trees and the Brownian CRT. Ann. Appl. Probab. 23, 1469–1493 (2013)
J. Bertoin, N. Curien, I. Kortchemski, Random planar maps & growth-fragmentations. Ann. Probab. 46(1), 207–260 (2018)
G. Berzunza, On scaling limits of multitype Galton-Watson trees with possibly infinite variance. Preprint (2016). arXiv:1605.04810
J. Bettinelli, Scaling limit of random planar quadrangulations with a boundary. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 51, 432–477 (2015)
P. Billingsley, Convergence of Probability Measures. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics: Probability and Statistics, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York, 1999). A Wiley-Interscience Publication
N.H. Bingham, C.M. Goldie, J.L. Teugels, Regular Variation. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 27 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989)
M. Bodirsky, É. Fusy, M. Kang, S. Vigerske, Boltzmann samplers, Pólya theory, and cycle pointing. SIAM J. Comput. 40, 721–769 (2011)
N. Broutin, P. Flajolet, The distribution of height and diameter in random non-plane binary trees. Random Struct. Algorithm 41, 215–252 (2012)
N. Broutin, C. Mailler, And/or trees: a local limit point of view. Random Struct. Algorithm (to appear)
N. Broutin, M. Wang, Reversing the cut tree of the Brownian continuum random tree. Electron. J. Probab. 22(80), 1–23 (2017)
N. Broutin, M. Wang, Cutting down p-trees and inhomogeneous continuum random trees. Bernoulli, 23(4A), 2380–2433 (2017)
N. Broutin, L. Devroye, E. McLeish, M. de la Salle, The height of increasing trees. Random Struct. Algorithm 32, 494–518 (2008)
A. Caraceni, The scaling limit of random outerplanar maps. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 52, 1667–1686 (2016)
B. Chen, M. Winkel, Restricted exchangeable partitions and embedding of associated hierarchies in continuum random trees. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 49, 839–872 (2013)
B. Chen, D. Ford, M. Winkel, A new family of Markov branching trees: the alpha-gamma model. Electron. J. Probab. 14(15), 400–430 (2009)
D. Croydon, B. Hambly, Spectral asymptotics for stable trees. Electron. J. Probab. 15(57), 1772–1801 (2010)
N. Curien, B. Haas, The stable trees are nested. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 157(1), 847–883 (2013)
N. Curien, I. Kortchemski, Random stable looptrees. Electron. J. Probab. 19(108), 1–35 (2014)
N. Curien, I. Kortchemski, Percolation on random triangulations and stable looptrees. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 163, 303–337 (2015)
N. Curien, T. Duquesne, I. Kortchemski, I. Manolescu, Scaling limits and influence of the seed graph in preferential attachment trees. J. Éc. Polytech. Math. 2, 1–34 (2015)
N. Curien, B. Haas, I. Kortchemski, The CRT is the scaling limit of random dissections. Random Struct. Algorithms 47, 304–327 (2015)
L. de Raphélis, Scaling limit of multitype Galton-Watson trees with infinitely many types. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 53, 200–225 (2017)
D. Dieuleveut, The vertex-cut-tree of Galton-Watson trees converging to a stable tree. Ann. Appl. Probab. 25, 2215–2262 (2015)
M. Drmota, Random Trees: An Interplay Between Combinatorics and Probability (Springer, Vienna, 2009)
M. Drmota, B. Gittenberger, The shape of unlabeled rooted random trees. Eur. J. Comb. 31, 2028–2063 (2010)
T. Duquesne, A limit theorem for the contour process of conditioned Galton-Watson trees. Ann. Probab. 31, 996–1027 (2003)
T. Duquesne, The exact packing measure of Lévy trees. Stoch. Process. Appl. 122, 968–1002 (2012)
T. Duquesne, J.-F. Le Gall, Random Trees, Lévy Processes and Spatial Branching Processes. Astérisque (Société Mathématique de France, Paris, 2002), pp. vi+147
T. Duquesne, J.-F. Le Gall, Probabilistic and fractal aspects of Lévy trees. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 131, 553–603 (2005)
T. Duquesne, J.-F. Le Gall, The Hausdorff measure of stable trees. ALEA Lat. Am. J. Probab. Math. Stat. 1, 393–415 (2006)
T. Duquesne, J.-F. Le Gall, On the re-rooting invariance property of Lévy trees. Electron. Commun. Probab. 14, 317–326 (2009)
T. Duquesne, M. Winkel, Growth of Lévy trees. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 139, 313–371 (2007)
S.N. Evans, Probability and Real Trees. Lectures from the 35th Summer School on Probability Theory Held in Saint-Flour, July 6–23, 2005. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1920 (Springer, Berlin, 2008)
S. Evans, J. Pitman, A. Winter, Rayleigh processes, real trees, and root growth with re-grafting. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 134(1), 918–961 (2006)
K. Falconer, Fractal Geometry: Mathematical Foundations and Applications, 3rd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2014)
P. Flajolet, R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009)
D. Ford, Probabilities on cladograms: introduction to the alpha model. Preprint (2005). arXiv:math/0511246
C. Goldschmidt, B. Haas, A line-breaking construction of the stable trees. Electron. J. Probab. 20, 1–24 (2015)
B. Haas, G. Miermont, The genealogy of self-similar fragmentations with negative index as a continuum random tree. Electron. J. Probab. 9(4), 57–97 (2004)
B. Haas, G. Miermont, Self-similar scaling limits of non-increasing Markov chains. Bernoulli J. 17, 1217–1247 (2011)
B. Haas, G. Miermont, Scaling limits of Markov branching trees with applications to Galton-Watson and random unordered trees. Ann. Probab. 40, 2589–2666 (2012)
B. Haas, R. Stephenson, Scaling limits of k-ary growing trees. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 51, 1314–1341 (2015)
B. Haas, R. Stephenson, Bivariate Markov chains converging to Lamperti transform Markov Additive Processes. Stoch. Process. Appl. (to appear)
B. Haas, R. Stephenson, Multitype Markov Branching trees (In preparation)
B. Haas, G. Miermont, J. Pitman, M. Winkel, Continuum tree asymptotics of discrete fragmentations and applications to phylogenetic models. Ann. Probab. 36, 1790–1837 (2008)
B. Haas, J. Pitman, M. Winkel, Spinal partitions and invariance under re-rooting of continuum random trees. Ann. Probab. 37, 1381–1411 (2009)
S. Janson, Random cutting and records in deterministic and random trees. Random Struct. Algorithms 29, 139–179 (2006)
S. Janson, Simply generated trees, conditioned Galton-Watson trees, random allocations and condensation: extended abstract, in 23rd International Meeting on Probabilistic, Combinatorial, and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA’12). Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science Proceedings, AQ (Association of Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Nancy, 2012), pp. 479–490
S. Janson, S.Ö. Stefánsson, Scaling limits of random planar maps with a unique large face. Ann. Probab. 43, 1045–1081 (2015)
A. Kolmogorov, Uber das logarithmisch normale Verteilungsgesetz der Dimensionen der Teilchen bei Zerstuckelung. C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 31, 99–101 (1941)
I. Kortchemski, Invariance principles for Galton-Watson trees conditioned on the number of leaves. Stoch. Process. Appl. 122, 3126–3172 (2012)
I. Kortchemski, A simple proof of Duquesne’s theorem on contour processes of conditioned Galton-Watson trees, in Séminaire de Probabilités XLV. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 2078 (Springer, Cham, 2013), pp. 537–558
J.-F. Le Gall, Random real trees. Ann. Fac. Sci. Toulouse Math. (6) 15, 35–62 (2006)
J.-F. Le Gall, Y. Le Jan, Branching processes in Lévy processes: the exploration process. Ann. Probab. 26, 213–252 (1998)
P. Marchal, A note on the fragmentation of a stable tree, in Fifth Colloquium on Mathematics and Computer Science. Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science Proceedings, AI (Association of Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Nancy, 2008), pp. 489–499
J.-F. Marckert, G. Miermont, The CRT is the scaling limit of unordered binary trees. Random Struct. Algorithms 38, 467–501 (2011)
G. Miermont, Self-similar fragmentations derived from the stable tree. I. Splitting at heights. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 127, 423–454 (2003)
G. Miermont, Self-similar fragmentations derived from the stable tree. II. Splitting at nodes. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 131, 341–375 (2005)
G. Miermont, Invariance principles for spatial multitype Galton-Watson trees. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 44, 1128–1161 (2008)
G. Miermont, Aspects of Random Maps, Lecture Notes of the 2014 Saint–Flour Probability Summer School. Preliminary draft: http://perso.ens-lyon.fr/gregory.miermont/coursSaint-Flour.pdf
R. Otter, The number of trees. Ann. Math. (2) 49, 583–599 (1948)
C. Pagnard, Local limits of Markov-Branching trees and their volume growth. Electron. J. Probab. 22(95), 1–53 (2017)
K. Panagiotou, B. Stufler, Scaling limits of random Pólya trees. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 170, 801–820 (2018)
K. Panagiotou, B. Stufler, K. Weller, Scaling limits of random graphs from subcritical classes. Ann. Probab. 44, 3291–3334 (2016)
A. Panholzer, Cutting down very simple trees. Quaest. Math. 29, 211–227 (2006)
J.L. Pavlov, The asymptotic distribution of the maximum size of trees in a random forest. Teor. Verojatnost. i Primenen. 22, 523–533 (1977)
J. Pitman, Coalescent random forests. J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 85, 165–193 (1999)
J. Pitman, Combinatorial Stochastic Processes. Lectures from the 32nd Summer School on Probability Theory Held in Saint-Flour, July 7–24, 2002. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1875 (Springer, Berlin, 2006)
G. Pólya, Kombinatorische Anzahlbestimmungen für Gruppen, Graphen und chemische Verbindungen. Acta Math. 68, 145–254 (1937)
J.-L. Rémy, Un procédé itératif de dénombrement d’arbres binaires et son application à leur génération aléatoire. RAIRO Inform. Théor. 19, 179–195 (1985)
D. Rizzolo, Scaling limits of Markov branching trees and Galton-Watson trees conditioned on the number of vertices with out-degree in a given set. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 51, 512–532 (2015)
S. Stefánsson, The infinite volume limit of Ford’s alpha model. Acta Phys. Pol. B Proc. Suppl. 2(3), 555–560 (2009)
R. Stephenson, General fragmentation trees. Electron. J. Probab. 18(101), 1–45 (2013)
B. Stufler, The continuum random tree is the scaling limit of unlabelled unrooted trees. Preprint (2016). arXiv:1412.6333
B. Stufler, Random enriched trees with applications to random graphs. Preprint (2016). arXiv:1504.02006
Acknowledgements
I warmly thank the organizers of the XII Simposio de Probabilidad y Procesos Estocásticos, held in Mérida, as well as my collaborators on the topic of Markov-Branching trees, Grégory Miermont, Jim Pitman, Robin Stephenson and Matthias Winkel. Many thanks also to the referee for a very careful reading of a first version of this manuscript that led to many improvements in the presentation. This work was partially supported by the ANR GRAAL ANR–14–CE25–0014.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this paper
Cite this paper
Haas, B. (2018). Scaling Limits of Markov-Branching Trees and Applications. In: Hernández-Hernández, D., Pardo, J., Rivero, V. (eds) XII Symposium of Probability and Stochastic Processes. Progress in Probability, vol 73. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77643-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77643-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77642-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77643-9
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)