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Bifacial Shaping at the TK Acheulean Site (Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): New Excavations 50 Years After Mary Leakey

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The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the bifacial shaping and the spatial distribution of 85 bifaces recorded in an area of 51.9 m2 on the Lower Floor of the TK site, located alongside the Trench I excavated by M. Leakey in 1963.

The repeated use of shaping schemes and patterns demonstrates that the knappers who produced these tools had a good command of the concept of bifacial reduction. These processes were adapted differently to fit the characteristics of the exploited raw material. Formal similarities observed among the handaxes seem to reflect preconceived formal schemes, i.e., mental templates. The presence of handaxe fragments and preforms shows that they were knapped at the site with the aim of being used right there. This tool assemblage was later abandoned without the site having undergone any major alterations after its formation.

This command of the bifacial shaping concept observed at the TK site, dated to ca. 1.353 ± 0.035 Ma, undermines the validity of M. Leakey’s distinction between an early and a middle phase of the Acheulean techno-complex.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank our colleagues Rosalía Gallotti and Margherita Mussi for inviting us to take part in the conference on The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of Melka Kunture (1963–2013), held in Rome in 2013.

Our work was carried out in the framework of The Olduvai Paleoanthropological and Paleoecological Project (TOPPP). Raquel Rojas-Mendoza made the drawings of the lithic artifacts that illustrate this paper.

We are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (HAR2010-18952-C02-01 and HAR2013-45246-C3-2-P Projects) and to the Comunidad de Madrid, which, through its research and development programs (S2010/BMD-2330 R+D Project), funded this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain

    Manuel Santonja, Susana Rubio-Jara, Joaquín Panera & Alfredo Pérez-González

  2. Asociación “El Hombre y el Medio”, Santo Tomás de Aquino, 21, 28982, Madrid, Spain

    Raquel Rojas-Mendoza

  3. Department of Prehistory, Complutense University, Prof. Aranguren s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo

  4. Institute of Evolution in Africa (I.D.E.A.), Museo de San Isidro, Plaza de San Andrés 2, 28005, Madrid, Spain

    Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo & Enrique Baquedano

  5. Archaeology Unit, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35050, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Audax Z. P. Mabulla

  6. Museo Arqueológico Regional, Plaza de las Bernardas s/n, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

    Enrique Baquedano

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  1. Manuel Santonja
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Correspondence to Manuel Santonja .

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

    Rosalia Gallotti

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

    Margherita Mussi

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Santonja, M. et al. (2018). Bifacial Shaping at the TK Acheulean Site (Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): New Excavations 50 Years After Mary Leakey. In: Gallotti, R., Mussi, M. (eds) The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75985-2_8

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