Abstract
Hemodynamic investigations in prehypertensive people have revealed that already at this early stage of hypertension, total peripheral resistance is increased. This is true even in situations where cardiac output is elevated. Heart rate and arterial stiffness are clearly higher as well in prehypertensives as compared to normotensives. As far as the peripheral circulation has been studied, this shows abnormalities in prehypertension which are also consistent with an increased resistance to flow. Altogether, there is not enough evidence to conclude that hypertension evolves from a high-output to a high-resistance state. Rather, the increase in resistance is a primary phenomenon.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Birkenhäger WH, De Leeuw PW, Schalekamp MADH. Control mechanisms in essential hypertension. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press; 1982.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The seventh report of the joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–72.
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Kannel WB, Levy D. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358(9294):1682–6.
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Evans JC, O’Donnell CJ, Kannel WB, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(18):1291–7.
Birkenhager WH. A critical interpretation of juvenile borderline hypertension. J Hypertens. 1991;9(Suppl 6):S2–9.
Omvik P, Lund-Johansen P. Hemodynamics of hypertension. In: Mancia G, Grassi G, Redon J, editors. Manual of hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2014. p. 101–14.
Julius S, Esler M. Autonomic nervous cardiovascular regulation in borderline hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1975;36(5):685–96.
Drukteinis JS, Roman MJ, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Best LG, Russell M, et al. Cardiac and systemic hemodynamic characteristics of hypertension and prehypertension in adolescents and young adults: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;115(2):221–7.
De Marco M, de Simone G, Roman MJ, Chinali M, Lee ET, Russell M, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic predictors of progression of prehypertension into hypertension: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension. 2009;54(5):974–80.
Zhu H, Yan W, Ge D, Treiber FA, Harshfield GA, Kapuku G, et al. Cardiovascular characteristics in American youth with prehypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(10):1051–7.
Davis JT, Rao F, Naqshbandi D, Fung MM, Zhang K, Schork AJ, et al. Autonomic and hemodynamic origins of pre-hypertension: central role of heredity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(24):2206–16.
Pal GK, Adithan C, Ananthanarayanan PH, Pal P, Nanda N, Thiyagarajan D, et al. Association of sympathovagal imbalance with cardiovascular risks in young prehypertensives. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(11):1757–62.
De Leeuw PW, Kho TL, Birkenhäger WH. Pathophysiologic features of hypertension in young men. Chest. 1983;83(2 Suppl):312–4.
Gedikli O, Kiris A, Ozturk S, Baltaci D, Karaman K, Durmus I, et al. Effects of prehypertension on arterial stiffness and wave reflections. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010;32(2):84–9.
Davis JT, Pasha DN, Khandrika S, Fung MM, Milic M, O'Connor DT. Central hemodynamics in prehypertension: effect of the beta-adrenergic antagonist nebivolol. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15(1):69–74.
Birkenhäger WH, De Leeuw PW, Derkx FHM. The kidney in hypertension-background and practical implications. Hypertens Res. 1993;16(1):3–15.
Messerli FH, De Carvalho JG, Christie B, Frohlich ED. Systemic and regional hemodynamics in low, normal and high cardiac output borderline hypertension. Circulation. 1978;58(3 Pt 1):441–8.
Schmieder RE, Schachinger H, Messerli FH. Accelerated decline in renal perfusion with aging in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;23(3):351–7.
Bianchi G, Cusi D, Gatti M, Lupi GP, Ferrari P, Barlassina C, et al. A renal abnormality as a possible cause of “essential” hypertension. Lancet. 1979;1(8109):173–7.
Hollenberg NK, Borucki LJ, Adams DF. The renal vasculature in early essential hypertension: evidence for a pathogenetic role. Medicine (Baltimore). 1978;57(2):167–78.
Erdogan D, Yildirim I, Ciftci O, Ozer I, Caliskan M, Gullu H, et al. Effects of normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension on coronary microvascular function. Circulation. 2007;115(5):593–9.
Grassi G, Buzzi S, Dell'Oro R, Mineo C, Dimitriadis K, Seravalle G, et al. Structural alterations of the retinal microcirculation in the “prehypertensive” high-normal blood pressure state. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(13):2375–81.
Guyton A. Arterial pressure and hypertension. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Leeuw, P.W., van Varik, B., van Twist, D.J.L., Kroon, A.A. (2019). Hemodynamics of Prehypertension. In: Zimlichman, R., Julius, S., Mancia, G. (eds) Prehypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75310-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75310-2_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75309-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75310-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)