Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hallucinatory Symptomatology in Major Psychoses (Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders

Abstract

Albeit endowed with clinical and semeiologic commonalities and often addressed as a broad index of severity and poor prognostic outcome in severe mental disorders, productive symptoms (i.e., delusions, hallucinations, disorganization) present different colorings within major psychoses. While this may be rather intuitive for delusions (see Stanghellini and Raballo 2015) and disorganized symptoms (see [1]), the nosographic specificity of hallucinatory phenomena remains more elusive [2, 3], particularly in developmental years [4] and in at-risk mental states [5].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Stanghellini G, Raballo A. Differential typology of delusions in major depression and schizophrenia. A critique to the unitary concept of ‘psychosis’. J Affect Disord. 2015;171:171–8.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mota NB, Copelli M, Ribeiro S. Thought disorder measured as random speech structure classifies negative symptoms and schizophrenia diagnosis 6 months in advance. NPJ Schizophrenia. 2017;3:18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-017-0019-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Raballo A. From perception to thought: a phenomenological approach to hallucinatory experience. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:18–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Waters F, Fernyhough C. Hallucinations: a systematic review of points of similarity and difference across diagnostic classes. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:32–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sikich L. Diagnosis and evaluation of hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2013;22:655–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Thompson A, Nelson B, Bruxner A, O'Connor K, Mossaheb N, Simmons MB, Yung A. Does specific psychopathology predict development of psychosis in ultra high-risk (UHR) patients? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47:380–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Parnas J, Henriksen MG. Disordered self in the schizophrenia spectrum: a clinical and research perspective. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22:251–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Parnas J, Henriksen MG. Epistemological error and the illusion of phenomenological continuity. World Psychiatry. 2016;15:126–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Henriksen MG, Raballo A, Parnas J. The pathogenesis of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a clinical-phenomenological account. Philos Psychiatry Psychol. 2015;22(3):165–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Raballo A. The stream of hallucinatory consciousness: when thoughts become like voices. J Conscious Stud. 2016;23:132–43.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ey E. Traité des hallucinations. Paris: Masson; 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Henriksen MG, Parnas J. Phenomenology, meaning, and metaphor. Philos Psychiatry Psychol. 2015;22:193–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Wigman JT, van Nierop M, Vollebergh WA, Lieb R, Beesdo-Baum K, Wittchen HU, van Os J. Evidence that psychotic symptoms are prevalent in disorders of anxiety and depression, impacting on illness onset, risk, and severity–implications for diagnosis and ultra-high risk research. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:247–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Slotema CW, Daalman K, Blom JD, Diederen KM, Hoek HW, Sommer IE. Auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with borderline personality disorder are similar to those in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1873–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Henriksen MG. Revitalizing psychopathology and making valid diagnoses. J Phenomenol Psychol. 2018;49:125–31.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cardno AG, Owen MJ. Genetic relationships between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40:504–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Henriksen MG, Nordgaard J, Jansson L. Genetics of schizophrenia: overview of methods, findings, and limitations. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00322.

  18. Neale BM, Sklar P. Genetic analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder reveals polygenicity but also suggests new directions for molecular interrogation. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015;30:131–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ashok AH, Marques TR, Jauhar S, Nour MM, Goodwin GM, Young AH, Howes OD. The dopamine hypothesis of bipolar affective disorder: the state of the art and implications for treatment. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22:666–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Howes OD, Kambeitz J, Kim E, Sl D, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A, Kapur S. The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:776–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bora E. Developmental trajectory of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: comparison with schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:158–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Gogtay N. Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:1228–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sanches M, Keshavan MS, Brambilla P, Soares JC. Neurodevelopmental basis of bipolar disorder: a critical appraisal. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32:1617–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A, Addington J, Riecher-Rössler A, Schultze-Lutter F, et al. The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state of the art review. JAMA Psychiat. 2013;70:107–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Martin DJ, Smith DJ. Is there a clinical prodrome of bipolar disorder? A review of the evidence. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13:89–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Van Meter AR, Burke C, Youngstrom EA, Faedda GL, Correll CU. The bipolar prodrome: meta-analysis of symptom prevalence prior to initial or recurrent mood episodes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55:543–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2016;387:1561–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Smith LM, Johns LC, Mitchell R. Characterizing the experience of auditory verbal hallucinations and accompanying delusions in individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord. 2017;19:417. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ryu V, Song D-H, Ha R, Ha K, Cho H-S. Prodromes and coping types in bipolar patients with nonpsychotic or psychotic mania. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:732–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Upthegrove R, Chard C, Jones L, et al. Adverse childhood events and psychosis in bipolar affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2015;206:191–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Goes FS, Zandi PP, Miao K, et al. Mood-incongruent psychotic features in bipolar disorder: familial aggregation and suggestive linkage to 2p11-q14 and 13q21-33. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:23–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Keck PE, McElroy SL, Havens JR, et al. Psychosis in bipolar disorder: phenomenology and impact on morbidity and course of illness. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:263–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Pini S, de Queiroz V, Dell’Osso L, et al. Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19:8–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Shinn AK, Pfaff D, Young S, Lewandowski KE, Cohen BM, Ongur D. Auditory hallucinations in a cross-diagnostic sample of psychotic disorder patients: a descriptive. Cross-sectional study. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:718–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Toh WL, Castle DJ, Thomas N, Badcock JC, Rossell SL. Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and related psychotic phenomena in mood disorders: analysis of the 2010 Survey of High Impact Psychosis (SHIP) data. Psychiatry Res. 2016;30:238–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Baethge C, Baldessarini RJ, Freudenthal K, Streeruwitz A, Bauer M, Bschor T. Hallucinations in bipolar disorder: characteristics and comparison to unipolar depression and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:136–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kumari R, Chaudhury S, Kumar S. Dimensions of hallucinations and delusions in affective and nonaffective illnesses. ISRN Psychiatry. 2013;2013, Article ID 616304, 10p.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tanenberg-Karant M, Fennig S, Ram R, Krishna J, Jandorf L, Bromet EJ. Bizarre delusions and first-rank symptoms in a first-admission sample: a preliminary analysis of prevalence and correlates. Compr Psychiatry. 1995;36:428–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Black DW, Nasrallah A. Hallucinations and delusions in 1,715 patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Psychopathology. 1989;22:28–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Azorin J-M, Baraille L, Gérard S, Bertsch J, Reed C, Lukasiewicz M. Mixed states with predominant manic or depressive symptoms: baseline characteristics and 24-month outcomes of the EMBLEM cohort. J Affect Disord. 2013;146:369–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Benabarre A, Vieta E, Colom F, Martínez-Arán A, Reinares M, Gastó C. Bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia: epidemiologic, clinical and prognostic differences. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16:167–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Goghari VM, Harrow M, Grossman LS, Rosen C. A 20-year multi-follow-up of hallucinations in schizophrenia, other psychotic, and mood disorders. Psychol Med. 2013;43:1151–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Carlson GA, Kotov R, Chang S-W, Ruggero C, Bromet EJ. Early determinants of four-year clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder with psychosis. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Goghari VM, Harrow M. Twenty year multi-follow-up of different types of hallucinations in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and depression. Schizophr Res. 2016;176:371–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Gaudiano BA, Uebelacker LA, Miller IW. Course of illness in psychotic mania: is mood incongruence important? J Nerv Mentl Dis. 2007;195:226–32.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nordgaard J, Sass LA, Parnas J. The psychiatric interview: validity, structure, and subjectivity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;263:353–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Jansson LB, Parnas J. Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies? Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:1178–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Morken G, Vaaler AE, Folden GE, Andreassen OA, Malt UF. Age at onset of first episode and time to treatment in in-patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194:559–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Tillman R, Geller B, Klages T, Corrigan M, Bolhofner K, Zimerman B. Psychotic phenomena in 257 young children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder: delusions and hallucinations (benign and pathological). Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:45–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ulloa RE, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Ryan ND, Bridge J, Baugher M. Psychosis in a pediatric mood and anxiety disorders clinic: phenomenology and correlates. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:337–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Perich T, Mitchell PB, Loo C, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Roberts G, Frankland A, Lau P, Wright A. Clinical and demographic features associated with the detection of early warning signs in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;145:336–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Meyer F, Meyer TD. The misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder as a psychotic disorder: some of its causes and their influence on therapy. J Affect Disord. 2009;112:174–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Burton CZ, Ryan KA, Kamali M, Marshall DF, Harrington G, McInnis MG, Tso IF. Psychosis in bipolar disorder: does it represent a more “severe” illness? Bipolar Disord. 2017;20:18. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Neves Mde C, Duarte DG, Albuquerque MR, Nicolato R, Neves FS, Souza-Duran FL, Busatto G, Corrêa H. Neural correlates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2016;38:1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Ekman CJ, Petrovic P, Johansson AG, Sellgren C, Ingvar M, Landén M. A history of psychosis in bipolar disorder is associated with gray matter volume reduction. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:99–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Allen P, Larøi F, McGuire PK, Aleman A. The hallucinating brain: a review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32:175–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Aminoff SR, Tesli M, Bettella F, Aas M, Lagerberg TV, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Melle I. Polygenic risk scores in bipolar disorder subgroups. J Affect Disord. 2015;183:310–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Winokur G, Scharfetter C, Angst J. The diagnostic value in assessing mood congruence in delusions and hallucinations and their relationship to the affective state. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1985;234:299–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Henriksen MG, Škodlar B, Sass LA, Parnas J. Autism and perplexity: a qualitative and theoretical study of basic subjective experiences in schizophrenia. Psychopathology. 2010;43:357–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Bräunig P, Sarkar R, Effenberger S, Schoofs N, Krüger S. Gender differences in psychotic bipolar mania. Gend Med. 2009;6:356–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Canuso CM, Bossie CA, Zhu Y, Youssef E, Dunner DL. Psychotic symptoms in patients with bipolar mania. J Affect Disord. 2008;111:164–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Sethi S, Khanna R. Phenomenology of mania in eastern India. Psychopathology. 1993;26:274–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Zutt J. Über verstehende Anthropologie–Versuch einer anthropologischen Grundlegung der psychiatrischen Erfahrung: Die affektiven Psychosen. In: Psychiatrie der Gegenwart—Forschung und Praxis, vol. 1/2, Grundlagen und Methoden der klinischen Psychiatrie. Berlin: Springer; 1963. p. 841–6.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Jansson L, Nordgaard J. The Psychiatric Interview for differential diagnosis. Cham: Springer; 2016.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  65. Breslau N, Meltzer HY. Validity of subtyping psychotic depression: examination of phenomenology and demographic characteristics. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:35–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Klosterkötter J. The meaning of basic symptoms for the genesis of the schizophrenic nuclear syndrome. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1992;46:609–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Handest P, Klimpke C, Raballo A, et al. From thoughts to voices: Understanding the development of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Rev Phil Psychol. 2016;7:593–10.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Hammersley P, Taylor K, McGovern J, Kinderman P. Attributions for hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2010;38:221–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  70. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-III. Washington, DC: APA; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  71. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical description and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: WHO; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Henriksen MG, Nilsson LS. Intersubjectivity and psychopathology in the schizophrenia spectrum: complicated ‘We’, compensatory strategies, and self-disorders. Psychopathology. 2017;50:321–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Parnas J. A disappearing heritage: the clinical core of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(6):1121–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hoch PH, Cattell JP. The diagnosis of pseudoneurotic schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q. 1959;33:17–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hoch P, Polatin P. Pseudoneurotic forms of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q. 1949;23:248–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zandersen M, Henriksen MG, Parnas J. A recurrent question: what is borderline? J Pers Disord. 2018;32:1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Stompe T, Ortwein-Swoboda G, Ritter K, Marquart B, Schanda H. The impact of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of schizophrenic subtypes. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46:433–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, Francey SM, McFarlane CA, Hallgren M, McGorry PD. Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (“prodromal”) group. Schizophr Res. 2003;60:21–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Andrea Raballo

  2. Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Andrea Raballo

  3. Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia Local Health Trust, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Michele Poletti

  4. Faculty of Humanities, Department of Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Mads Gram Henriksen

  5. Mental Health Center Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Mads Gram Henriksen

Authors
  1. Andrea Raballo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michele Poletti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mads Gram Henriksen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Raballo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Paolo Brambilla

  2. Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Massimo Carlo Mauri

  3. Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Alfredo Carlo Altamura

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Raballo, A., Poletti, M., Henriksen, M.G. (2018). Hallucinatory Symptomatology in Major Psychoses (Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders). In: Brambilla, P., Mauri, M., Altamura, A. (eds) Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75124-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75124-5_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75123-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75124-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation