Abstract
Climate change is increasingly becoming a challenging issue for policy makers and societies, but the question is why the public does not pay more attention to this issue. Climate change is a complex environmental, cultural, social, psychological and political issue. What role, if any, do emotions play in the public’s beliefs about climate change and support for climate policies? Several studies show that emotions affect people’s views on climate change. Empirical studies show that communicators can use emotions to motivate and support climate change solutions. However, emotions are the missing link in effective communication about climate change. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential role that emotions play in climate change communication. The paper concludes that emotions are the missing link in climate change communication. It is important to know what motivates the audience to behave in certain ways and what might inspire them to change that behaviour. There is an urgent need to consider emotional aspects when we discuss the implications of climate change and how to communicate adaptation and mitigation to climate change.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 34(2):191–215
Baron RS, Logan H, Lilly J, Inman ML, Brennan M (1994) Negative emotion and message processing. J Exp Soc Psychol 30(2):181–201
Bartels G, Nelissen W (2000) Developing and marketing communication strategies with the aid of the FCB grid. In: Bartels G, Nelissen W (eds) Marketing for sustainability. Towards transactional policy-making, IOS Press, Amsterdam
Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, DeWall CN, Zhang L (2007) How emotion shapes behaviour: feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 11(2):167–203
Bliuc AM, McGarty C, Thomas EF, Lala G, Berndsen M, Misajon R (2015) Public division about climate change rooted in conflicting socio-political identities. Nat Clim Change 5(3):226–229
Burke S (2015) Communicating about climate change. In: Walker R, Mason W (eds) Climate change adaptation for health and social services. CSIRO Publishing, pp 51–69
Chadwick AE (2015) Toward a theory of persuasive hope: effects of cognitive appraisals, hope appeals, and hope in the context of climate change. Health Commun 30(6):598–611
Cole S, Balcetis E, Dunning D (2013) Affective signals of threat increase perceived proximity. Psychol Sci 24(1):34–40
Corner A, Webster R, Teriete C (2015) Climate visuals: seven principles for visual climate change communication (based on international social research). Climate Outreach, Oxford
CRED—Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (2009) The psychology of climate change communication. A guide for scientists, journalists, educators, political aides, and the interested public, Columbia University, New York
Damasio AR (1994) Descartes’error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. Grosset/Putnam, New York
Damasio AR (2005) Descartes’error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. Penguin Books, New York
Damasio AR, Carvalho GB (2013) The nature of feelings: evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(2):143–152
Dickinson JL, Crain RL, Yalowitz S, Cherry T (2013) How framing climate change influences citizen scientists’ intentions to do something about it. J Environ Educ 44(3):145–158
Dillard JP, Nabi RL (2006) The persuasive influence of emotion in cancer prevention and detection messages. J Commun 56(Suppl. 1):S123–S139
Doherty TJ, Clayton SD (2011) The psychological impacts of global climate change. Am Psychol 66(4):265–276
Doyle J (2011) Mediating climate change. Ashgate, UK
Farbotko C, McGregor HV (2010) Copenhagen, climate science and the emotional geographies of climate change. Aust Geogr 41(2):159–166
Feinberg M, Willer R (2010) Apocalypse soon? Dire messages reduce belief in global warming by contradicting just-world beliefs. Psychol Sci 22(1):34–38
Fredrickson BL (1998) What good are positive emotions? Rev Gen Psychol 2(3):300–319
Fredrickson BL (2001) The role of positive emotions in Positive Psychology: The broaden and build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol 56(3):218–226
Fredrickson BL (2004) The broaden and build theory of positive emotions. Philos Trans R Soc B 359:1367–1377
Gifford R (2011) The dragons of inaction: Psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation. Am Psychol 66(4):290–302
Harrabin R (2015) Is it ok for scientists to weep over climate change? The guardian, 9 July 2015 at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/09/is-it-ok-scientists-weep-over-climate-change. Accessed 28 June 2016
Harré N (2011) Psychology for a better world: strategies to inspire sustainability. University of Auckland, New Zealand
Höijer B (2010) Emotional anchoring and objectification in the media reporting on climate change. Public Underst Sci 19(6):717–731
Hornsey Matthew J, Harris Emily A, Bain Paul G, Fielding Kelly S (2016) Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nat Clim Change 6(6):622–626
Howell RA (2014) Investigating the long-term impacts of climate change communications on individuals’ attitudes and behavior. Environ Behav 46(1):70–101
Izard CE (2002) Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions. Psychol Bull 128(5):796–824
Kahneman D (2003) Maps of bounded rationality: psychology for behavioral economics. Am Econ Rev 93(5):1449–1475
Kahneman D (2011) Thinking fast and slow. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York
Kahneman D, Frederick S (2002) Representativeness revisited: attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In: Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahneman D (eds) Heuristics and biases: the psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kearns F (2015) Scientists have feelings too. Hippo reads (2015) at: http://read.hipporeads.com/scientists-have-feelings-too/. Accessed 28 June 2016
Klaus E, Susanne CM, Esther H, Richard K, Christoph O, Anna P, Maja R, Catrien T (2014) Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation. Nat Clim Change 4:867–872
Kühne R, Schemer C (2015) The emotional effects of news frames on information processing and opinion formation. Commun Res 42(3):387–407
LeDoux J (2012) Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 73(4):653–676
Leiserowitz AA (2005) American risk perceptions: is climate change dangerous? Risk Anal 25(6):1433–1442
Leiserowitz A (2006) Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: the role of affect, imagery, and values. Clim Change 77(1):45–72
Lester L, Cottle S (2009) Visualizing climate change: television news and ecological citizenship. Inter J Commun 3:920–936
Levine DS, Leven SJ (2014) Motivation, emotion, and goal direction in neural networks, 2nd edn. Psychology Press, New York
Leviston Z, Price J, Bishop B (2014) Imagining climate change: the role of implicit associations and affective psychological distancing in climate change responses. Eur J Soc Psychol 44(5):441–454
Loewenstein G, Lerner JS (2003) The role of affect in decision making. In: Davidson R, Goldsmith H, Scherer K (eds) Handbook of affective science. Oxford University Press, New York
Lombardi D, Sinatra GM (2013) Emotions about teaching about human-induced climate change. Inter J Sci Educ 35(1):167–191
Lorenzoni I, Nicholson-Cole S, Whitmarsh L (2007) Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications. Glob Environ Change 17(3–4):445–459
Lu H, Schuldt JP (2015) Exploring the role of incidental emotions in support for climate change policy. Clim Change 131(4):719–726
Lu H, Schuldt JP (2016) Compassion for climate change victims and support for mitigation policy. J Environ Psychol 45:192–200
Maibach EW, Roser-Renouf C, Leiserowitz A (2008) Communication and marketing as climate change-intervention assets a public health perspective. Am J Prev Med 35(5):488–500
Markowitz EM, Shariff AF (2012) Climate change and moral judgement. Nat Clim Change 2(4):243–247
Marshall G (2014) Don’t even think about it: why our brains are wired to ignore climate change. Bloomsbury, USA
Meijnders AL, Midden CJH, Wilke HAM (2001) Role of negative emotion in communication about CO2 risks. Risk Anal 21(5):955–966
Monahan JL (1995) Thinking positively: using positive affect when designing health messages. In: Maibach E, Parrott RL (eds) Designing health messages: approaches from communication theory and public health practice. Sage, London
Moser SC (2007) More bad news: the risk of neglecting emotional responses. In: Moser SC, Dilling L (eds) Creating a climate for change; communicating climate change and facilitating social change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Moser SC (2009) Communicating climate change and motivating civic action: renewing, activating, and building democracies. In: Selin H, VanDeveer S (eds) Changing climates in north american politics: institutions, policymaking and multilevel governance. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Moser SC (2010) Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions. Wiley Interdisc Rev Clim Change 1(1):31–53
Moser SC, Dilling L (2011) Communicating climate change: closing the science-action gap. In: Norgaard R, Schlosberg D, Dryzek J (eds) The Oxford handbook of climate change and society. Oxford University Press, New York
Moser SC, Ekstrom JA (2010) A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(51):22026–22031
Myers DG (2004) Theories of emotion. Psychology. Worth Publishers, New York
Myers TA, Nisbet MC, Maibach EW, Leiserowitz AA (2012) A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change. Clim Change 113(3–4):1105–1112
Nabi RL (2003) Exploring the framing effects of emotion do discrete emotions differentially influence information accessibility, information seeking, and policy preference? Commun Res 30(2):224–247
Nerlich B, Jaspal R (2014) Images of extreme weather: symbolising human responses to climate change. Sci Cult 23(2):253–276
Nicholson-Cole SA (2005) Representing climate change futures: A critique of the use of images for visual communication. Comput Environ Urban Syst 29(3):255–273
Norgaard KM (2011) Living in denial: climate change, emotions, and everyday life. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
O’Neill S, Nicholson-Cole S (2009) ‘Fear won’t do it’: promoting positive engagement with climate change through visual and iconic representations. Sci Commun 30(3):355–379
Ockwell D, Whitmarsh L, O’Neill S (2009) Reorienting climate change communication for effective mitigation. Forcing people to be green or fostering grass-roots engagement? Sci Commun 30(3):305–323
O’Neill S, Hulme M (2009) An iconic approach for representing climate change. Glob Environ Change 19(4):402–410
Oreskes N (2013) The scientist as sentinel. Limn Mag 3 at: http://limn.it/the-scientist-as-sentinel/. Accessed 28 June 2016
Petheram L, Stacey N, Campbell B, High C (2012) Using visual products derived from community research to inform natural resource management policy. Land use Policy 29(1):1–10
Rakow T, Heard CL, Newell BR (2015) Meeting three challenges in risk communication: phenomena, numbers and emotions. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci 2(1):147–156
Ramkissoon H, Smith L (2014) The relationship between environmental worldviews, emotions and personal efficacy in climate change. Inter J Arts Sci 7(1):91–109
Rathus SA (2012) Psychology: concepts & connections (Brief version, 9th edn. Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, CA
Reser JP, Bradley GL, Glendon AI, Ellul MC, Callaghan R (2012) Public risk perceptions, understandings, and responses to climate change and natural disasters in Australia and Great Britain. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, Australia
Roeser S (2012) Risk communication, public engagement, and climate change: a role for emotions. Risk Anal 23(6):1033–1040
Roeser S, Nihlen J (2013) Risk Communication and Moral Emotions. In: Arvai J, Rivers III L (eds) Effective risk communication, Routledge
Sheppard S (2005) Landscape visualisation and climate change: the potential for influencing perceptions and behaviour. Environ Sci Policy 8:637–654
Siegrist M, Cousin ME, Kastenholz H, Wiek A (2007) Public acceptance of nanotechnology foods and food packaging: the influence of affect and trust. Appetite 49(2):459–466
Slovic P (1987) Perception of risk. Science 236(4799):280–285
Slovic P, Peters E, Finucane ML, MacGregor DG (2005) Affect, risk, and decision making. Health Psychol 24 (Suppl. 4):S35–S40
Small DA, Lerner JS (2008) Emotional policy: personal sadness and anger shape judgments about a welfare case. Polit Psychol 29(2):149–168
Smith N, Joffe H (2009) Climate change in the British press: the role of the visual. J Risk Res 12 (5):647–663
Smith N, Leiserowitz A (2012) The rise of global warming skepticism: exploring affective image associations in the United States over time. Risk Anal 32(6):1021–1032
Smith N, Leiserowitz A (2014) The role of emotion in global warming policy support and opposition. Risk Anal 34(5):937–948
Snyder CR (2002) Hope theory: rainbows in the mind. Psychol Inq 13(4):249–275
Solomon RC (2008) The philosophy of emotions. In: Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, Barrett LF (eds) Handbook of emotions. Guilford Press, New York
Spence A, Pidgeon N (2010) Framing and communicating climate change: the effects of distance and outcome frame manipulations. Glob Environ Change 20(4):656–667
Spence A, Poortinga W, Pidgeon N (2012) The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Anal 32(6):957–972
Stanovich KE, West RF (2008) On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. J Pers Soc Psychol 94(4):672–695
Swim J, Clayton S, Doherty T, Gifford R, Howard G, Reser J, Stern P, Weber E (2010) Psychology and global climate change: addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon and set of challenges. A report by the American Psychological Association’s task force on the interface between psychology and global climate change at: http://www.apa.org/science/about/publications/climate-change-booklet.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2016
Taylor AL, Dessai S, Bruine de Bruin W (2012) Public perception of climate risk and adaptation in the UK: a review of the literature. Clim Risk Manag 4–5:1–16
Thagard P, Findlay S (2011) Changing minds about climate change: belief revision, coherence, and emotion. In: Olsson EJ, Enqvist S (eds) Belief revision meets philosophy of science. Springer, Berlin
Thomas EF, McGarty C, Mavor KI (2009) Transforming “apathy into movement”: the role of prosocial emotions in motivating action for social change. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 13(4):310–333
Van Boven L, Kane J, McGraw AP, Dale J (2010) Feeling close: emotional intensity reduces perceived psychological distance. J Pers Soc Psychol 98(6):872–885
Van Der Linden S (2014) On the relationship between personal experience, affect and risk perception: the case of climate change. Eur J Soc Psychol 44(5):430–440
Van der Linden S, Maibach E, Leiserowitz A (2015) Improving public engagement with climate change five “best practice” insights from psychological science. Perspect Psychol Sci 10(6):758–763
Weber EU (2006) Experience-based and description-based perceptions of long-term risk: why global warming does not scare us (yet). Clim Change 77(1):103–120
Witte K, Allen M (2000) A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Educ Behav 27(5):591–615
Yang ZJ, Kahlor L (2013) What, me worry? The role of affect in information seeking and avoidance. Sci Commun 35(2):189–212
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Salama, S., Aboukoura, K. (2018). Role of Emotions in Climate Change Communication. In: Leal Filho, W., Manolas, E., Azul, A., Azeiteiro, U., McGhie, H. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Communication: Vol. 1. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69838-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69838-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69837-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69838-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)