Abstract
Attention to mental health in disaster preparedness and trauma-response teams has increased considerably over the last decade. From the formal development and expansion of stand-alone teams and those positioned within existing care structures to the integration of Psychological First Aid (PFA) as part of standard education and preparation for first responders (e.g., police officers, firefighters), behavioral health clinicians (e.g., psychology, social work), and biomedical providers (e.g., emergency medicine, family medicine), it is clear that what once was a subspecialty advanced by a small collection of practitioners has now evolved to a mainstream standing within the broader arenas of the helping professions.
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Notes
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[Note: References that are prefaced with an asterisk are recommended readings.]
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*Walsh, F. (2007). Traumatic loss and major disasters: Strengthening family and community resilience. Family Process, 46, 207–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00205.x
*Watson, P. J. (2015). How different is psychological first aid from other psychotherapeutic modalities? In G. Quitangon and M. Evces (Eds.), Vicarious trauma and disaster mental health: Understanding risks and promoting resilience (pp. 61–72). New York, NY: Routledge.
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Literature
Beach, M. (2010). Disaster preparedness and management. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.
Jacobs, G. (2016). Community-based psychological first aid: A practical guide to helping individuals and communities during difficult times. Cambridge, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2006). Psychological first aid: Field operations guide (2nd ed.). National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/manuals/psych-first-aid.asp
World Health Organization. (2011). Psychological first aid: Guide for field workers. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations.
Measures/Instruments
Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) . http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/Columbia_Suicide_Severity_Rating_Scale.pdf
Life Events Checklist (LEC) . http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/life-event-checklist-lec.pdf
Professional Quality of Life Measure (Version 5). http://www.proqol.org/uploads/ProQOL5_English.pdf
Suicide Assessment Five-step Evaluation and Triage (SAFE-T). http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/images/res/SAFE_T.pdf
Trauma-informed Care in Behavioral Health Service. http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/SAMSA_TIP_Trauma.pdf
UCLA Child/Adolescent PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-5 . https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/child/ucla_child_reaction_dsm-5.asp
Organizations/Associations
American Red Cross. http://www.redcross.org/
Department of Homeland Security. https://www.dhs.gov/
Federal Emergency Management Administration. www.fema.gov
Green Cross Academy of Traumatology. http://greencross.org/
International Committee of the Red Cross . https://www.icrc.org/
International Critical Incident Stress Foundation. https://www.icisf.org/
National Child Traumatic Stress Network. http://www.nctsn.org/
National Incident Management System. http://www.fema.gov/national-incident-management-system
Glossary of Important Terms in Disaster Response
- After action report (AAR)
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A retrospective analysis regarding a simulated or actual disaster response sequence. Key content generally includes a summary and overview of the response, major strengths and successes of the effort, key weaknesses and lessons learned, and recommendations for improvement.
- Family Assistance Center (FAC)
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A site set up to provide resources and support for families affected by a disaster. Principal goals include facilitating effective communication about evolving events, exchanging information with appropriate personnel to assist in identifying missing or deceased loved ones, providing death notifications (and discussions with medical examiners regarding the release of human remains), providing private spaces for families to grieve, protection from media and/or curiosity seekers, and offering medical, psychological, and/or logistical support.
- Just-in-time training (JIT)
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A collection of online or app-based resources designed to train (or refresh knowledge of) responders rapidly. These resources are generally employed immediately after a disaster has occurred, during which time responders are preparing for—or awaiting directions relevant to—deployment.
- Nongovernmental organization (NGO)
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A nonprofit organization involved in a disaster response that is independent from state, federal, or international governance. NGOs are usually funded by donations and run by volunteers.
- Point of contact (POC)
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Identified supervisor to whom a person involved in a disaster response reports with relevant updates, field reports, troubleshooting, and questions. The POC directs personnel under his or her watch regarding indicated tasks, duties, and responsibilities.
- Tabletop exercise (TTX)
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During trainings and/or simulations, TTXs involve key and indicated personnel discussing how to best respond to hypothetical scenarios. These sequences facilitate understanding regarding the viability and adequacy of plans and procedures vis-à-vis extant resources. They also serve to establish and promote collaborative relationships and agreements between agency leads that can be utilized during an actual incident.
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Mendenhall, T., Bundt, J., Yumbul, C. (2018). Medical Family Therapy in Disaster Preparedness and Trauma-Response Teams. In: Mendenhall, T., Lamson, A., Hodgson, J., Baird, M. (eds) Clinical Methods in Medical Family Therapy. Focused Issues in Family Therapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68834-3_15
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