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Expansion of Arthropod Herbivory in Late Triassic South Africa: The Molteno Biota, Aasvoëlberg 411 Site and Developmental Biology of a Gall

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The Late Triassic World

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 46))

Abstract

The Carnian Aasvoëlberg 411 (Aas411) site of the Molteno Formation in South Africa provides exceptional data for understanding how plants, their arthropod herbivores and interactions responded to the P-Tr ecological crisis approximately 18 million years earlier. Our study lists six consequences stemming from the P-Tr event. First, Aas411 was one of the most herbivorized of Molteno’s 106 sites, consisting of 20,358 plant specimens represented by 111 plant form-taxa that includes 14 whole-plant taxa (WPT); the insect damage consists of 11 functional feeding groups (FFGs), 44 damage types (DTs) and 1127 herbivorized specimens for an herbivory value of 5.54%. Second, the seven most herbivorized hosts, in decreasing importance, were the conifer Heidiphyllum elongatum; corystosperm Dicroidium crassinervis; ginkgophyte Sphenobaiera schenckii, peltasperms Lepidopteris stormbergensis and L. africana and horsetail Zonulamites viridensis. Third, generalized feeding damage and 11 host-specialized associations were present that targeted 39 of 111 plant taxa. Fourth, the Heidiphyllum elongatum WPT was most herbivorized, harboring an extensive herbivore component community containing 81.8% of FFGs, 63.6% of DT categories, 40.9% of DT occurrences, and 36.4% of specialized interactions at the site. Fifth, eriophyioid gall DT70 was host-specialized on Dicroidium crassinervis, where it constitutes 70.1% of all Molteno DT70 occurrences and revealing a distinctive developmental ontogeny. Sixth, herbivory levels significantly surpassed those of the Late Permian.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks go to Finnegan Marsh for formatting Figs. 14.1 to 14.13. Pfarelo (Grace) Tshivhandekano provided the images from which Fig. 14.5 to 14.10 were assembled. Jennifer Wood rendered and colorized Figs. 14.11 and 14.12. We thank an anonymous reviewer for constructive comments and Larry Tanner for inviting this contribution. This work is contribution 320 of the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems consortium at the National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D.C.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA

    Conrad C. Labandeira

  2. Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Conrad C. Labandeira

  3. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China

    Conrad C. Labandeira

  4. Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa

    John M. Anderson & Heidi M. Anderson

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  1. Conrad C. Labandeira
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  2. John M. Anderson
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  3. Heidi M. Anderson
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Correspondence to Conrad C. Labandeira .

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  1. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Lawrence H. Tanner

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Labandeira, C.C., Anderson, J.M., Anderson, H.M. (2018). Expansion of Arthropod Herbivory in Late Triassic South Africa: The Molteno Biota, Aasvoëlberg 411 Site and Developmental Biology of a Gall. In: Tanner, L. (eds) The Late Triassic World. Topics in Geobiology, vol 46. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_14

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