Abstract
This chapter investigates Hans Morgenthau’s last years in Europe, aiming to identify the role that his intellectual socialization in Germany, Spain, and Switzerland played for his later American writings. To that extent, two of Morgenthau’s European writings are being discussed in more detail: The Concept of the Political and the Theory of International Differences and On the Purpose of Science in These Times and on Human Destiny. In these texts, Morgenthau elaborated on the crisis of modern societies and spoke against positivistic sciences. In later years, this would bring him to formulate an ethics of responsibility and to support a reflective, democratic dimension in foreign policymaking, demonstrating the importance of the European Morgenthau for the American Morgenthau.
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Notes
- 1.
Letter to Ronald Hilton, 2 October 1937. Morgenthau Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Box 26.
- 2.
Throughout the chapter, I will refer to this English translation.
- 3.
Wissenschaft (to create knowledge) comprises any form of systematic knowledge creation and thus also comprises humanities. Wissenschaft is not confined to empirically verifiable knowledge, as we find it in the natural sciences. It is in this sense that Morgenthau used the term ‘science’, and it is in this sense that it is used in this chapter.
- 4.
Golo Mann , one of Thomas Mann’s sons, came to a similar conclusion: ‘of course, Morgenthau is now a hyper-American (Hyper-Amerikaner), but I would consider his thought to be very German’ (in Reichwein 2015: 95).
- 5.
All translations are by the author.
- 6.
Given Morgenthau’s odyssey through Europe, Walter Lacqueur’s (2016: 59) self-characterization as a ‘wanderer between several worlds’ might even be more appropriate.
- 7.
- 8.
It is partly in this sense that realism can be understood as an ‘intellectual moment of resistance’ (Mark Philip in Bell 2017: 3).
- 9.
Neumeyer was a law professor specializing in international private law at the University of Munich and from 1931 the dean of the faculty of law. Threatened by deportation into a concentration camp, he and his wife committed suicide in 1941.
- 10.
Letter to Rafael Altamira, 22 November 1939. Morgenthau Papers, Box 3.
- 11.
Most immediately, in 1979, the United States and many other countries faced an economic downturn due to the second oil crisis. The decreased oil production in the wake of the Iranian Revolution irretrievably destroyed the myth of a consistent economic rise to which numerous states under the Bretton Woods System had subscribed since the late 1940s. States could no longer control all the interrelationships of an increasingly globalized economy. Beyond the immediate economic crisis lay the development of nuclear weapons, which would profoundly affect Morgenthau’s ideas. Like that of many of his coevals, including Herz , Karl Jaspers , and Bertrand Russell (for more, see van Munster and Sylvest 2016), he experienced a ‘[m]odern technology [that] … had spun out of control and a technological juggernaut threatened humanity with the historically novel possibility of mass suicide’ (Morgenthau 1970b; Scheuerman 2009: 567). Nation-states had lost the ability to secure their territorial integrity and to guarantee the safety of their citizens. Borders became obsolete. In Morgenthau’s (1966a: 9, 1970a: 61–62) sense, a border is reduced to an artificial line on a map and the traditional concept of sovereignty that yielded exclusive rights to nation-states on the international level is rendered obsolete.
- 12.
Hartmut Behr (2010: 211; Behr and Kirke 2014) has argued that Politics Among Nations was conceived as a counter-ideology not only to fascism and communism, but also to nationalism , pointing to the later chapters of the first edition. They are all reflections on the possibility of minimalizing international conflict by seeking out the potential of global cooperation (see also Rösch 2015a; Frei 2016).
- 13.
To his students, Morgenthau (2004: 137) explained this as follows: ‘I haven’t come down from heaven to this chair and started to teach. I mean, obviously my mind has been formed by certain experiences. And naturally those experiences are part of my intellectual composition’.
- 14.
Participating in the Rockefeller Foundation-funded conference on international relations theory in 1954 can therefore be interpreted to have been a ‘gambit’ in Guilhot’s terms (2008, 2011) from Morgenthau’s side and from the side of other like-minded émigré scholars. It was their ambition to oppose the scientism of the behavioral revolution and argue against it from a hermeneutic position (critical Rohde 2016: 115). But the ‘osmosis’ that Gerald Stourzh (1965: 61) spotted remained underdeveloped and their impact was less substantial than some of the vitas of these scholars would suggest (Greenberg 1992: 76).
- 15.
Furthermore, in a letter to Arendt he reasoned that ‘we are intellectual streetfighters … So if we don’t make clear on which side of the barricades we stand we have failed’ (in Rohde 2005: 50). Similarly in a letter to Paul Nitze dated 12 February 1955, Morgenthau wrote that ‘we cannot assume to be able to look at the world scene form a vantage point which, as it were, lies outside this world. We stand on a particular spot within that world, physically, morally, and intellectually’.
- 16.
- 17.
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Rösch, F. (2018). Morgenthau in Europe: Searching for the Political. In: Navari, C. (eds) Hans J. Morgenthau and the American Experience. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67498-8_1
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