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The Role of T Cells in Post-stroke Regeneration

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Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Regeneration and Repair

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

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Abstract

The interaction of the immune system with the brain is necessary for development and surveillance of the healthy brain. The influence of the adaptive immune system on several brain diseases has been described in great detail. In ischemic stroke, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated a key role for T cells in the acute phase after stroke. Pro- and anti-inflammatory T cell subpopulations impact in this early phase the inflammatory milieu and directly affect secondary lesion progression and neuronal injury. Recently, a functional role for T cells has also become more evident also in delayed neuronal (dys-)function and late-phase recovery after stroke. Here, T cells may also affect various non-immunological pathways involved in tissue repair, neuronal plasticity and functional recovery. These pleiotropic effects of T cells on mechanisms such as neurogenesis and angiogenesis suggest T cells as potential therapeutic target to modulate post-stroke regeneration. This chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the role of T cells in stroke with a particular focus on regenerative processes in the chronic phase.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain derived neurotrophic factor

CCR:

Chemokine receptor

CNS:

Central nervous system

CD:

Cluster of Differentiation

CTLA-4:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4

DAMPs:

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns

GITR:

Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor

IFNγ:

Interferon gamma

IgE:

Immunoglobulin E

IGF-1:

Insulin like growth factor 1

IL:

Interleukin

MCAO:

Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

MHC:

Major Histocompatibility Complex

MMP:

Metalloproteinase

NPC:

Neural Precursor Cell

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycosylation endproducts

SGZ:

Subgranular zone

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

Th cell:

T helper cell

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Treg:

Regulatory T cell

VEGF:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany

    Julia V. Cramer & Arthur Liesz

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  1. Julia V. Cramer
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  2. Arthur Liesz
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Correspondence to Arthur Liesz .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, AHSP, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Paul A. Lapchak

  2. Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

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Cramer, J.V., Liesz, A. (2018). The Role of T Cells in Post-stroke Regeneration. In: Lapchak, P., Zhang, J. (eds) Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Regeneration and Repair. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_24

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_24

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