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Intestinal Incretins and the Regulation of Bone Physiology

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Understanding the Gut-Bone Signaling Axis

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1033))

Abstract

Although originally identified as modulators of nutrient absorption, the gut hormones gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) have also been found to play an important role in the regulation of bone turnover. These “incretin” hormones promote bone anabolism by stimulating osteoblast differentiation as well as increasing osteoblast longevity. In addition, GIP and perhaps GLP-2 attenuate the activity of osteoclastic cells, leading to a net increase in bone deposition and ultimately increasing bone mass. Studies have demonstrated that these hormones are important for bone mineralization and overall bone quality and function evolutionarily as important nutritional links signaling nutrient availability for skeletal anabolic functions. Accordingly, these entero-osseous hormones (EOH) have therapeutic potential for the management of osteoporosis. Although this chapter primarily focuses on skeletal effects of these incretin hormones, the GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 receptors are actually widely expressed throughout the body. Therefore, we will also briefly discuss these extraosseous receptors/effects and how they may indirectly impact the skeleton.

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Abbreviations

DPP-IV:

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV

EEH:

Enteroendocrine hormones

EOH:

Entero-osseous hormones

GIP:

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

GLP-2:

Glucagon-like peptide-2

PC:

Prohormone convertase

RA:

Receptor agonist

SCFA:

Short-chain fatty acids

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Walter Ramsey & Carlos M. Isales MD

  2. Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Carlos M. Isales MD

  3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Carlos M. Isales MD

  4. Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Carlos M. Isales MD

  5. Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Carlos M. Isales MD

Authors
  1. Walter Ramsey
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  2. Carlos M. Isales MD
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Correspondence to Carlos M. Isales MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Department of Radiology Biomedical Imaging Research Centre, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

    Laura R. McCabe

  2. Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

    Narayanan Parameswaran

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Ramsey, W., Isales, C.M. (2017). Intestinal Incretins and the Regulation of Bone Physiology. In: McCabe, L., Parameswaran, N. (eds) Understanding the Gut-Bone Signaling Axis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1033. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_2

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