Abstract
Social nature is a characteristic that many species of living organisms might share. However, humans have a series of features which sets them apart from any other living species, such as thinking about others’ intentions and actions and the ability to think about their inner world. How this social trait is developed and how its development trajectory occurs have been a topic of interest for social sciences and social neuroscience since the past decades. Social cognition, behavior, and brain are concepts that come to light in order to disentangle this theme. This chapter addresses the timeline of social functioning development during childhood, focusing mainly on behaviors that could be understood as building blocks for more complex social behaviors acquired later in life. According to this aim, we will describe how abilities such as biological motion preference, perception of faces, mutual gaze, gaze following, joint attention, perspective taking, mentalization, and decision making are crucial for the development of social skills during childhood. Furthermore, we will review neurobiological mechanisms related to early social development through the analysis of biological markers present in electroencephalography and imaging studies. We will analyze how social development might deviate from the expected course in disorders such as autism and attentional deficit disorder as well as how conditions such as blindness, deafness, and specific language impairment could impact social development. We highlight how an integrative understanding of development contributes to a better comprehension of human social development functioning inasmuch as it considers it an ever-increasing complexity phenomenon.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: Author.
Arora, A., Weiss, B., Schurz, M., Aichhorn, M., Wieshofer, R., & Perner, J. (2015). Left inferior-parietal lobe activity in perspective tasks: Identity statements. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 360. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00360
Auer, D. (2008). Spontaneous low-frequency blood oxygenation level-dependent fluctuations and functional connectivity analysis of the ‘resting’ brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 26(7), 1055–1064. doi:10.1016/j.mri.2008.05.008
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211(4489), 1390–1396.
Baillargeon, R., Scott, R., & He, Z. (2010). False-belief understanding in infants. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(3), 110–118. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.006
Balas, B. J., Nelson, C., Westerlund, A., Vogel-Farley, V., Riggins, T., & Kuefner, D. (2010). Personal familiarity influences the processing of upright and inverted faces in infants. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 1. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.001.2010
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21, 37–46.
Baruth, J. M., Casanova, M. F., Sears, L., & Sokhadze, E. (2010). Early-stage visual processing abnormalities in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Translational Neuroscience, 1(2), 177–187. doi:10.2478/v10134-010-0024-9
Bedny, M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Saxe, R. (2009). Growing up blind does not change the neural bases of theory of mind. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(27), 11312–11317. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900010106
Bertenthal, B. I., Proffitt, D. R., & Cutting, J. E. (1984). Infant sensitivity to figural coherence in biomechanical motions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37(2), 213–230. doi: 10.1016/0022-0965(84)90001-8
Betzel, R., Byrge, L., He, Y., Goñi, J., Zuo, X., & Sporns, O. (2014). Changes in structural and functional connectivity among resting-state networks across the human lifespan. NeuroImage, 102, 345–357. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.067
Billeci, L., Sicca, F., Maharatna, K., Apicella, F., Narzisi, A., Campatelli, G., & Muratori, F. (2013). On the application of quantitative EEG for characterizing autistic brain: A systematic review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 442. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00442
Billeke, P., & Aboitiz, F. (2013). Social cognition in schizophrenia: From social stimuli processing to social engagement. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 1–12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00004
Billeke, P., Armijo, A., Castillo, D., López, T., Zamorano, F., Cosmelli, D., & Aboitiz, F. (2015). Paradoxical expectation: Oscillatory brain activity reveals social interaction impairment in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 78, 421–431. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.012
Billeke, P., Zamorano, F., López, T., Rodriguez, C., Cosmelli, D., & Aboitiz, F. (2014). Someone has to give in: Theta oscillations correlate with adaptive behavior in social bargaining. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 2041–2048. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu012
Brazelton, T. B., Tronick, E., Adamson, L., Als, H., & Wise, S. (1975). Early mother-infant reciprocity. In R. Porter & M. O'Connor (Eds.), Ciba Foundation Symposium 33-Parent-Infant Interaction (pp. 137–154). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..
Camerer, C. F. (2013). Goals, methods, and progress in neuroeconomics. Annual Review of Economics, 5(1), 425–455. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-082012-123040
Carter, R., & Huettel, S. (2013). A nexus model of the temporal–parietal junction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(7), 328–336. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.05.007
Caruana, N., Brock, J., & Woolgar, A. (2015). A frontotemporoparietal network common to initiating and responding to joint attention bids. NeuroImage, 108, 34–46. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.041
Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125(8), 1839–1849.
Charman, T. (2003). Why is joint attention a pivotal skill in autism? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 358, 315–324.
Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Baird, G., Cox, A., & Drew, A. (2000). Testing joint attention, imitation, and play as infancy precursors to language and theory of mind. Cognitive Development, 15, 481–498.
Chawarska, K., Ye, S., Shic, F., & Chen, L. (2016). Multilevel differences in spontaneous social attention in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Child Development, 87(2), 543–557. doi:10.1111/cdev.12473
Corbetta, M., Pate, G., & Schulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017
Courchesne, E., Ganz, L., & Norcia, M. (1981). Event-related brain potentials to human faces in infants. Child Development, 52, 804–811.
Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2005). Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: Local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(2), 225–230.
Csibra, G., Kushnerenko, E., & Grossmann, T. (2008). Electrophysiological methods in studying infant cognitive development. In C. A. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 1–50). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Dawson, G., Webb, S., & McPartland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(3), 403–424.
de Haan, M., Johnson, M. H., & Halit, H. (2007). Development of face-sensitive event-related potentials during infancy. In M. de Haan (Ed.), Infant EEG and event-related potentials. New York: Psychology Press.
de Haan, M., & Nelson, C. (1999). Brain activity differentiates face and object processing in 6-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1113–1121.
de Haan, M., Pascalis, O., & Johnson, M. (2002). Specialization of neural mechanisms underlying face recognition in human infants. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(2), 199–209.
Di Giorgio, E., Méary, D., Pascalis, O., & Simion, F. (2013). The face perception system becomes species-specific at 3 months: An eye-tracking study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(2), 95–99.
Elsabbagh, M., Volein, A., Csibra, G., Holmboe, K., Garwood, H., Tucker, L., … Johnson, M. H. (2009). Neural correlates of eye gaze processing in the infant broader autism phenotype. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.034
Emery, N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(6), 581–604.
Fair, D., Cohen, A., Power, J., Dosenbach, N., Church, J., Miezin, F., … Petersen, S. E. (2009). Functional brain networks develop from a “local to distributed” organization. PLoS Computational Biology, 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381
Farroni, T., Csibra, G., Simion, F., & Johnson, M. (2002). Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(14), 9602–9605.
Gauthier, I., Tarr, M., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P., & Gore, J. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform ‘face area’ increases with expertise recognizing novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), 568–573.
Gonzalez-Gadea, M. L., Sigman, M., Rattazzi, A., Lavin, C., Rivera-Rei, A., Marino, J., & Ibanez, A. (2016). Neural markers of social and monetary rewards in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Scientific Reports, 6. doi:10.1038/srep30588
Hamilton, A., Brindley, R., & Frith, U. (2009). Visual perspective taking impairment in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Cognition, 113, 37–44. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.07.007
Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 5–25.
Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2014). Annual research review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 553–577.
Harlow, H. F., & Zimmerman, R. (1959). Affectional responses in the infant monkey; orphaned baby monkeys develop a strong and persistent attachment to inanimate surrogate mothers. Science, 130(3373), 421–431.
Hileman, C., Henderson, H., Mundy, P., Newell, L., & Jaime, M. (2011). Developmental and individual differences on the P1 and N170 ERP components in children with and without autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(2), 214–236. doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.549870
Hobson, P., & Bishop, M. (2003). The pathogenesis of autism: Insights from congenital blindness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 358(1430), 335–344.
Hopkins, W., & Taglialatela, J. (2013). Initiation of joint attention is associated with morphometric variation in the anterior cingulate cortex of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology, 75, 441–449. doi:10.1002/ajp.22120
Itier, R. (2004). N170 or N1? Spatiotemporal differences between object and face processing using ERPs. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 132–142.
Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception, 14, 201–211.
Johnson, M. (2006). Biological motion: A perceptual life detector? Current Biology, 16(10), R376–R377.
Johnson, M. (2011). Interactive specialization: A domain-general framework for human functional brain development? Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(1), 7–21. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2010.07.003
Johnson, M., & de Haan, M. (2015). Developmental cognitive neuroscience: An introduction (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Johnson, M., Griffin, R., Csibra, G., Halit, H., Farroni, T., de Haan, M., et al. (2005). The emergence of the social brain network: Evidence from typical and atypical development. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 599–619.
Jones, W., & Klin, A. (2013). Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism. Nature, 504(7480), 427–431. doi:10.1038/nature12715
Kana, R., Libero, L., Hu, C., Deshpande, H., & Colburn, J. (2014). Functional brain networks and white matter underlying theory-of-mind in autism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(1), 98–105. doi:10.1093/scan/nss106
Kelly, D., Quinn, P., Slater, A., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, M., & Pascalis, O. (2005). Three-month-olds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces. Developmental Science, 8(6), F31–F36.
Kennedy, D., & Adolphs, R. (2012). Feature review: The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(11), 559–572. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.006
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 809–816.
Kopp, F., & Lindenberger, U. (2011). Effects of joint attention on long-term memory in 9-month-old infants: An event-related potentials study. Developmental Science, 14(4), 660–672. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01010.x
Krall, S., Volz, L., Oberwelland, E., Grefkes, C., Fink, G., & Konrad, K. (2016). The right temporoparietal junction in attention and social interaction: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Human Brain Mapping, 37, 796–807. doi:10.1002/hbm.23068
Kuefner, D., de Heering, A., Jacques, C., Palmero-Soler, E., & Rossion, B. (2010). Early visually evoked electrophysiological responses over the human brain (P1, N170) show stable patterns of face-sensitivity from 4 years to adulthood. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 67. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.067.2009
Lachat, F., Hugueville, L., Lemaréchal, J.-D., Conty, L., & George, N. (2012). Oscillatory brain correlates of live joint attention: A dual-EEG study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(156), 1–12. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00156
Lee, D. (2005). Neuroeconomics: Making risky choices in the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 8(9), 1129–1130. doi:10.1038/nn0905-1129
Lombardo, M., Chakrabarti, B., Bullmore, E., MRC AIMS Consortium, & Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). Specialization of right temporo-parietal junction for mentalizing and its relation to social impairments in autism. NeuroImage, 56(3), 1832–1838. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.067
Luyster, R., Powell, C., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Nelson, C. (2014). Neural measures of social attention across the first years of life: Characterizing typical development and markers of autism risk. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 131–143. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.09.006
Macchi Cassia, V., Bulf, H., Quadrelli, E., & Proietti, V. (2014). Age-related face processing bias in infancy: Evidence of perceptual narrowing for adult faces. Developmental Psychobiology, 56(2), 238–248. doi:10.1002/dev.21191
Meltzoff, A., & Moore, M. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198(4312), 75–78.
Mills, K., Lalonde, F., Clasen, L., Giedd, J., & Blakemore, S. (2014). Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(1), 123–131. doi:10.1093/scan/nss113
Moll, H., & Kadipasaoglu, D. (2013). The primacy of social over visual perspective-taking. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 558. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00558
Moll, H., & Meltzoff, A. (2011). How does it look? Level 2 perspective-taking at 36 months of age. Child Development, 82, 661–673. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01571.x
Morgan, B., Maybery, M., & Durkin, K. (2003). Weak central coherence, poor joint attention, and low verbal ability: Independent deficits in early autism. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 646–656.
Mundy, P., Card, J., & Fox, N. (2000). EEG correlates of the development of infant joint attention skills. Developmental Psychobiology, 36(4), 325–338.
Mundy, P., & Jarrold, W. (2010). Infant joint attention, neural networks and social cognition. Neural Networks, 23(8), 985–997. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2010.08.009
Mundy, P., Kim, K., McIntyre, N., Lerro, L., & Jarrold, W. (2016). Brief report: Joint attention and information processing in children with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(7), 2555–2560. doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2785-6
Mundy, P., Sullivan, L., & Mastergeorge, A. (2009). A parallel and distributed-processing model of joint attention, social cognition and autism. Autism Research, 2(1), 2–21. doi:10.1002/aur.61
Nelson, C., & McCleery, J. (2008). Use of event-related potentials in the study of typical and atypical development. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(11), 1252–1261. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318185a6d8
O’Nions, E., Sebastian, C., McCrory, E., Chantiluke, K., Happé, F., & Viding, E. (2014). Neural bases of theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorders and children with conduct problems and callous unemotional traits. Developmental Science, 17(5), 786–796. doi:10.1111/desc.12167
Oberwelland, E., Schilbach, L., Barisic, I., Krall, S., Vogeley, K., Fink, G., … Schulte-Rüther, M. (2016). Look into my eyes: Investigating joint attention using interactive eye-tracking and fMRI in a developmental sample. NeuroImage, 130(15), 248–260. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.026
Pavlova, M., & Sokolov, A. (2000). Orientation specificity in biological motion perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 62(5), 889–899.
Pelphrey, K., Sasson, N., Reznick, J., Paul, G., Goldman, B., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 249–261.
Perner, J., & Roessler, J. (2012). From infants’ to children’s appreciation of belief. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(10), 519–525. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.08.004
Peterson, C. (2009). Development of social-cognitive and communication skills in children born deaf. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 475–483. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00750.x
Peterson, C., Slaughter, V., Moore, C., & Wellman, H. M. (2016). Peer social skills and theory of mind in children with autism, deafness, or typical development. Developmental Psychology, 52(1), 46–57. doi:10.1037/a0039833
Quinn, P., Yahr, J., Kuhn, A., Slater, A., & Pascalis, O. (2002). Representation of the gender of human faces by infants: A preference for female. Perception, 31, 1109–1121.
Rogers, B., Morgan, V., Newton, A., & Gore, J. (2007). Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 25(10), 1347–1357.
Saxe, R., Whitfield-gabrieli, S., Scholz, J., & Pelphrey, K. (2009). Brain regions for perceiving and reasoning about other people in school-aged children. Child Development, 80(4), 1197–1209. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01325.x
Schick, B., De Villiers, P., De Villiers, J., & Hoffmeister, R. (2007). Language and theory of mind: A study of deaf children. Child Development, 78(2), 376–396.
Schurz, M., Aichhorn, M., Martin, A., & Perner, J. (2013). Common brain areas engaged in false belief reasoning and visual perspective taking: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 712. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00712
Schurz, M., Kronbichler, M., Weissengruber, S., Surtees, A., Samson, D., & Perner, J. (2015). Clarifying the role of theory of mind areas during visual perspective taking: Issues of spontaneity and domain-specificity. NeuroImage, 117, 386–396. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.031
Schurz, M., & Tholen, M. (2016). What brain imaging did (not) tell us about the Inferior Frontal Gyrus in theory of mind-a commentary on Samson et al.,(2015). Cortex, 74, 329–333. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.011
Shield, A., Pyers, J., Martin, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2016). Relations between language and cognition in native-signing children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research. doi:10.1002/aur.1621
Simion, F., Regolin, L., & Bulf, H. (2008). A predisposition for biological motion in the newborn baby. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 809–813. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707021105
Smit, D., Boersma, M., Schnack, H., Micheloyannis, S., Boomsma, D., Hulshoff Pol, H., … de Geus, E. (2012). The brain matures with stronger functional connectivity and decreased randomness of its network. PLoS One, 7(5), e36896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036896
Sodian, B., & Kristen-Antonow, S. (2015). Declarative joint attention as a foundation of theory of mind. Developmental Psychology, 51(9), 1190–1200. doi:10.1037/dev0000039
Soto-Icaza, P., Aboitiz, F., & Billeke, P. (2015). Development of social skills in children: Neural and behavioral evidence for the elaboration of cognitive models. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 333. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00333
Southgate, V., Senju, A., & Csibra, G. (2007). Action anticipation through attribution of false belief by 2-year-olds. Psychological Science, 18(7), 587–592.
Spanoudis, G. (2016). Theory of mind and specific language impairment in school-age children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 61, 83–96. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.04.003
Steinbeis, N., Bernhardt, B., & Singer, T. (2012). Impulse control and underlying functions of the left DLPFC mediate age-related and age-independent individual differences in strategic social behavior. Neuron, 73(5), 1040–1051. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.027
Striano, T., Reid, V., & Hoehl, S. (2006). Neural mechanisms of joint attention in infancy. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 2819–2823.
Surian, L., Caldi, S., & Sperber, D. (2007). Attribution of beliefs by 13-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 18, 580–586. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01943.x
Tallon-Baudry, C., & Bertrand, O. (1999). Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation. Trends in Cognitive Science, 3, 151–162.
Turati, C., Valenza, E., Leo, I., & Simion, F. (2005). Three-month-olds’ visual preference for faces and its underlying visual processing mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90(3), 255–273.
Tymofiyeva, O., Hess, C., Xu, D., & Barkovich, J. (2014). Structural MRI connectome in development: Challenges of the changing brain. The British Journal of Radiology, 87(1039), 20140086. doi:10.1259/bjr.20140086
Webb, S., Long, J., & Nelson, C. (2005). Longitudinal development of ERPs. A longitudinal investigation of visual event-related potentials in the first year of life. Developmental Science, 8(6), 605–616.
Wellman, H. M., Fang, F., & Peterson, C. C. (2011). Sequential progressions in a theory-of-mind scale: Longitudinal perspectives. Child Development, 82(3), 780–792. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01583.x
Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103–128.
Zieber, N., Kangas, A., Hock, A., Hayden, A., Collins, R., Bada, H., & Bhatt, R. S. (2013). Perceptual specialization and configural face processing in infancy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116(3), 625–639. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.007
Acknowledgments
We thank Miki Soto for proofreading the manuscript. This work was supported by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica CONICYT (Grant PCHA/DoctoradoNacional/2014-21140043 to Patricia Soto-Icaza and Grant FONDECYT inicio 11140535 to Pablo Billeke).
The authors report no biomedical financial interest or potential conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Soto-Icaza, P., Billeke, P. (2017). Developmental Issues. In: Matson, J. (eds) Handbook of Social Behavior and Skills in Children . Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64592-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64592-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64591-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64592-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)