Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed and cash crop worldwide. The peanut germplasm is fundamental to genetic enhancement for improved cultivars. A lot of germplasm accessions of the cultivated peanut and wild Arachis species have been assembled and conserved in many countries, with ICRISAT, USDA, and OCRI-CAAS being the major conserving agencies. Besides a lot of peanut germplasm characterization work conducted by various scientists in the world, remarked progress has been achieved in the past two decades in assessing the genetic diversity within A. hypogaea after the peanut core and mini core collections were selected in the USA, ICRISAT, and China. With extensive and intensive germplasm characterization, elite peanut accessions with desirable traits have been identified for further breeding and other research purposes. Research priorities of trait discovery and genetic enhancement have been given to yield-related characters, resistance to late leaf spot, early leaf spot, rust, tomato spotted wilt virus, groundnut rosette virus, bacterial wilt, nematodes and aflatoxin contamination, tolerance to drought, and quality-related characters such as oil content, protein content, and fatty acid components. With the development of genomic tools, molecular approaches have been widely applied in peanut germplasm characterization and trait discovery.
References
Anderson WF, Holbrook CC, Culbreath AK (1996) Screening the peanut core collection for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus. Peanut Sci 23:57–61
Arunyanark A, Jogloy S, Akkasaeng C, Vorasoot N, Kesmala T, Nageswara Rao RC, Wright GC, Patanothai A (2008) Chlorophyll stability is an indicator of drought tolerance in peanut. J Agron Crop Sci 194:113–125
Arunyanark A, Jogloy S, Wongkaew S, Akkasaeng C, Vorasoot N, Wright GC, Nageswara Rao RC, Patanothai A (2009) Association between aflatoxin contamination and drought tolerance traits in peanut. Field Crops Res 114:14–22
Barkley NA, Dean RE, Pittman RN, Wang ML, Holbrook CC, Pederson GA (2007) Genetic diversity of cultivated and wild-type peanuts evaluated with M13-tailed SSR markers and sequencing. Genet Res 89:93–106
Barkley NA, Chamberlin Chenault KD, Wang ML, Pittman RN (2010) Development of real-time PCR genotyping assay to identify high oleic acid peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Mol Breed 25:541–548
Barkley NA, Wang ML, Pittman RN (2011) A real-time PCR genotyping assay to detect FAD2A SNPs in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Electron J Biotech. doi:10.2225/vol14-issue1-fulltext-12
Barkley NA, Upadhyaya HD, Liao B, Holbrook CC (2016) Global resources of genetic diversity in peanut. In: Stalker HT, Wilson RF (eds) Peanuts: genetics, processing, and utilization. academic press and AOCS press, pp 67–109. ISBN: 9781630670382
Chen CY, Barkley NA, Wang ML, Holbrook CC, Dang PM (2013) Registration of purified accessions for the U.S. peanut mini-core germplasm collection. J Plant Regist 8:77–85
Chenault Chamberlin KD, Melouk HA, Payton ME (2010) Evaluation of the U.S. peanut mini core collection using a molecular marker for resistance to Sclerotinia minor jagger. Euphytica 172:109–115
Culbreath AK, Todd JW, Demski JW, Chamberlin JR (1992) Disease progress of spotted wilt in peanut cultivars florunner and southern runner. Phytopathology 82:766–771
Damicone JP, Holbrook CC, Smith DL, Melouk HA, Chenault KD (2010) Reaction of the core collection of peanut germplasm to sclerotinia blight and pepper spot. Peanut Sci 37:1–11
Dean LL, Hendrix KW, Holbrook CC, Sanders TH (2009) Content of some nutrients in the core of the peanut germplasm collection. Peanut Sci 36:104–120
Dwivedi SL, Puppala N, Upadhyaya HD, Manivannan N, Singh S (2008) Developing a core collection of peanut specific to Valencia market type. Crop Sci 48:625–632
FAO (2015) FAO web. http://www.fao.org/
Franke MD, Brenneman TB, Holbrook CC (1999) Identification of resistance to rhizoctonia limb rot in a core collection of peanut germplasm. Plant Dis 83:944–948
Frankel OH (1984) Genetic perspectives of germplasm conservation. In: Arber WK, Llimensee K, Peacock WJ, Starlinger P (eds) Genetic Manipulation: impact on man and society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 161–170
Girdthai T, Jogloy S, Vorasoot N, Akkasaeng C, Wongkaew S, Holbrook CC, Patanothai A (2010) Associations between physiological traits for drought tolerance and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes under terminal drought. Plant Breed 129:693–699
Hamidou F, Ratnakumar P, Halilou O, Mponda O, Kapewa T, Monyo E, Faye I, Ntare BR, Nigam SN, Upadhyaya HD, Vadez V (2012) Selection of intermittent drought tolerant lines across years and locations in the reference collection of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crops Res 126:189–199
Hamidou F, Rathore A, Waliyar F, Vadez V (2014) Although drought intensity increases aflatoxin contamination, drought tolerance does not lead to less aflatoxin contamination. Field Crops Res 156:103–110
Hammons RO (1994) The origin and history of the groundnut. In: Smartt J (ed) The groundnut crop: a scientific basis for improvement. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 24–42
Hammond EG, Duvick D, Wang T, Dodo H, Pittman RN (1997) Survey of fatty acid composition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) germplasm and characterization of their epoxy and eicosenoic acids. J Am Chem Soc 74:1235–1239
Harlan JR (1972) Genetic resources in sorghum. In: Rao NGP, House LR (eds) Sorghum in the seventies. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, pp 1–13
Hebbar KB, Sashidhar VR, Udayakumar M, Devendra R, Nageswara Rao RC (1994) A comparative assessment of water use efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) grown in containers and in the field under water-limited conditions. J Agri Sci 122:429–434
Holbrook CC, Anderson WF (1993) Minimum descriptor information on a core collection of peanut. Agron Abstr 189
Holbrook CC, Anderson WF, Pittman RN (1993) Selection of a core collection from the U.S. germplasm collection of peanut. Crop Sci 33:859–861
Holbrook CC, Anderson WF (1995) Evaluation of a core collection to identify resistance to late leafspot in peanut. Crop Sci 35:1700–1702
Holbrook CC, Stephenson MG, Johnson AW (2000a) Level and geographical distribution of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in the U.S. peanut germplasm collection. Crop Sci 40:1168–1171
Holbrook CC, Timper P, Xue HQ (2000b) Evaluation of the core collection approach for identifying resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut. Crop Sci 40:1172–1175
Holbrook CC, Dong W (2005) Development and evaluation of a mini-core collection for the U.S. peanut germplasm collection. Crop Sci 45:1540–1544
Holbrook CC, Timper P, Culbreath AK, Kvein CK (2008) Registration of ‘Tifguard’ peanut. J Plant Regist 2:92–94
Holbrook CC, Guo BZ, Wilson DM, Timper P (2009) The U.S. breeding program to develop peanut with drought tolerance and reduced aflatoxin contamination. Peanut Sci 36:50–53
Huang L, Jiang H, Ren X, Chen Y, Xiao Y, Zhao X, Tang M, Huang J, Upadhyaya HD, Liao B (2012) Abundant microsatellite diversity and oil content in wild Arachis species. PLoS One 7:e50002
IBPGR, ICRISAT (1992) Descriptors for Groundnut. International Board of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome, Italy. ICRAST, Patancheru, AP, India
Isleib TG, Beute MK, Rice PW, Hollowell JE (1995) Screening of the peanut core collection for resistance to cylindrocladium black rot and early leaf spot. Proc Am Peanut Res Educ Soc 27:25
Isleib TG, Holbrook CC, Gorbet DW (2001) Use of plant introductions in peanut cultivar development. Peanut Sci 28:96–113
Jiang H, Ren XP (2006) Genetic diversity of peanut resource on morphological characters and seed chemical components in China. Chin J Oil Crop Sci 28:421–426
Jiang HF, Duan NX (2006) Descriptors and Data Standard for Peanut (Arachis spp.). China Agricultural Press, Beijing. ISBN: 7-109-10911-9 (in Chinese)
Jiang HF, Ren XP, Huang JQ, Liao BS, Lei Y (2008a) Establishment of a peanut mini core collection in China and exploration of new resource with high oleate. Chin J Oil Crop Sci 30:294–299
Jiang HF, Ren XP, Liao BS, Huang JQ, Lei Y, Chen BY, Guo BZ, Holbrook CC, Upadhyaya HD (2008b) Peanut core collection established in China and compared with ICRISAT mini core collection. Acta Agron Sin 34:25–30
Jiang HF, Ren XP, Wang SY, Zhang XJ, Huang JQ, Liao BS, Holbrook CC, Upadhyaya HD (2010) Development and evaluation of peanut germplasm with resistance to Aspergillus flavus from core collection. Acta Agron Sin 36:428–434
Jiang HF, Ren XP, Chen YN, Huang L, Zhou XJ, Huang JQ, Froenicke L, Yu JJ, Guo BZ, Liao BS (2013) Phenotypic evaluation of the Chinese mini-mini core collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and assessment for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Plant Genet Resour 11:77–83
Jiang HF, Huang L, Ren XP, Chen YN, Zhou XJ, Xia YL, Huang JQ, Lei Y, Yan LY, Wan LY, Liao BS (2014) Diversity characterization and association analysis of agronomic traits in a Chinese peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) mini-core collection. J Integr Plant Biol 56:159–169
Jianwei L, Huifang J, Xiaoping R, Xiaojie Z, Boshou L (2010) Identification and molecular traits of ICRISAT mini core collection of peanut species with resistance to bacterial wilt. Chin Agric Sci Bull 26:47–51
Kochert G, Halward T, Branch WD, Simpson CE (1991) RFLP variability in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and wild species. Theor Appl Genet 81:565–570
Kochert G, Stalker HT, Gimenes M, Galgaro L, Romero Lopes C, Moore K (1996) RFLP and cytogenetic evidence on the origin and evolution of the allotetraploid domesticated peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae). Am J Bot 83:1282–1291
Kottapalli KR, Burow MD, Burow G, Burke J, Puppala N (2007) Molecular characterization of the U.S. peanut mini core collection using microsatellite markers. Crop Sci 47:1718–1727
Krapovickas A (1969) The origin, variability and spread of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) (English translation). In: Ucko PJ, Falk IS (eds) The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals. Gerald Duckworth Co Ltd, London, pp 424–441
Krapovickas A, Gregory WC (1994) Taxonomia del Genero Arachis (Leguminosae). Bonplandia 8:1–186
Liang X, Chen X, Hong Y, Liu H, Zhou G, Li S, Guo B (2009) Utility of EST-derived SSR in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Arachis wild species. BMC Plant Biol 9:261–265
Liao BS (2014) Peanut Breeding. In: Nalini M, Varshney RK (eds) Genetic, genomics and breeding of peanuts. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York, pp 61–78
Liao BS, Lei Y, Wang SY, Li D, Huang JQ, Jiang HF, Ren XP (2008) Genetic diversity of peanut RILs and enhancement for high oil genotypes. Acta Agron Sin 34:999–1004
Liao BS, Lei Y, Li D, Wang SY, Huang JQ, Ren XP, Jiang HF, Yan LY (2010) Novel high oil germplasm with resistance to Aspergillus flavus and bacterial wilt developed from recombinant inbred lines. Acta Agron Sin 36:1296–1301
Mallikarjuna N (2002) Gene introgression from Arachis glabrata into A. hypogaea, A. duranensis and A. diogoi. Euphytica 124:99–105
Mallikarjuna N, Jadhav DR, Reddy D, Husain F, Das K (2012) Screening new Arachis amphidiploids, and autotetraploids for resistance to late leaf spot by detached leaf technique. Eur J Plant Pathol 132(1):17–21
Moretzsohn MC, Hopkins MS, Mitchell SE, Kresovich S, Valls JFM, Ferreira ME (2004) Genetic diversity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and its wild relatives based on the analysis of hyber variable regions of the genome. BMC Plant Biol 4:1–10
Moretzsohn MC, Gouvea EG, Inglis PW, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Valls JFM, Bertioli DJ (2012) A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers. Ann Bot 111:113–126
Nageswara Rao RC, Wright GC, Cruickshank AL (2000) Genetic enhancement of drought resistance in Australian peanuts. Proceedings American Peanut Research and Education Society 32: 71 (abstr)
Nigam SN, Chandra S, Rupa Sridevi K, Bhukta M, Reddy AGS, Rahaputi NR, Wright GC, Reddy PV, Deshmukh MP, Mathur RK, Basu MS, Vasundhara S, Vindhiyavarman P, Nagda AK (2005) Efficiency of physiological trait-based and empirical selection approaches for drought tolerance in groundnut. Ann Appl Biol 146:433–439
Nigam SN, Waliyar F, Aruna R, Reddy SV, Lava Kumar P, Craufurd PQ, Diallo AT, Ntare BR, Upadhyaya HD (2009) Breeding peanut for resistance to aflatoxin contamination at ICRISAT. Peanut Sci 36:42–49
Norden AJ, Gorbet DW, Knauft DA, Young CT (1987) Variability in oil quality among peanut genotypes in the Florida breeding program. Peanut Sci 14:7–11
Pandey MK, Monyo E, Ozias-Akins P, Liang X, Guimaraes P, Nigam SN, Upadhyaya HD, Janila P, Zhang X, Guo B, Cook DR, Bertioli DJ, Michelmore R, Varshney RK (2012) Advances in Arachis genomics for peanut improvement. Biotechnol Adv 30:639–651
Pittman RN (1995) United States Peanut Descriptors. USDA-ARS-132. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Ravi K, Vadez V, Isobe S, Mir RR, Guo Y, Nigam SN, Gowda MVC, Radhakrishnan T, Bertioli DJ, Knapp SJ, Varshney RK (2011) Identification of several small main-effect QTLs and a large number of epistatic QTLs for drought tolerance related traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor Appl Genet 122:1119–1132
Reddy TY, Reddy VR, Anbumozhi V (2003) Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: a critical review. Plant Growth Regul 41:75–88
Seijo G, Lavia GI, Fernandez A, Krapovickas A, Ducasse DA, Bertioli DJ, Moscone EA (2007) Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH. Am J Bot 94:1963–1971
Simpson CE, Nelson SC, Starr J, Woodward KE, Smith OD (1993) Registration of TxAG-6 and TxAG-7 peanut germplasm lines. Crop Sci 33:1418
Singh AK, Mehan VK, Nigam SN (1997) Sources of resistance to groundnut fungal and bacterial wilt diseases: an update and appraisal. Information Bulletin No. 50. ICRISAT, Patancheru, AP, India, p 48
Singh AK, Dwivedi SL, Pande S, Moss JP, Nigam SN, Sastri DC (2003) Registration of rust and late leaf spot resistant peanut germplasm lines. Crop Sci 43:440–441
Stalker HT, Simpson CE (1995) Germplasm resources in Arachis. In: Pattee HE, Stalker HT (eds) Advances in peanut science. American Peanut Research and Education Society, Stillwater, OK, pp 14–53
Stalker HT (1997) Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crops Res 53:205–217
Stalker HT, Mozingo LG (2001) Molecular markers of Arachis and marker assisted selection. Peanut Sci 28:117–123
Stalker HT, Tallury SP, Ozias-Akins P, Bertioli D, Bertioli SCL (2013) The value of diploid peanut relatives for breeding and genomics. Peanut Sci 40:70–88
Subrahmanyam P, McDonald D, Waliar F, Reddy LJ, Nigam SN, Gibbons RW, Rao VR, Singh AK, Pande S, Reddy PM, Rao PVS (1995) Screening methods and sources of resistance to rust and late leaf spot of groundnut. Information Bulletin No. 47. ICRISAT, Pattancheru, AP, India, p 20
Subrahmanyam P, Naidu RA, Reddy LJ, Kumar PL, Ferguson ME (2001) Resistance to groundnut rosette disease in wild Arachis species. Ann Appl Biol 139:45–50
Sun DR (1998) Breeding of Groundnut. China Agricultural Press, Beijing (in Chinese). ISBN: 7-109-05154-4/S.3261
Upadhyaya HD, Ferguson ME, Bramel PJ (2001a) Status of Arachis germplasm collection at ICRISAT. Peanut Sci 28:89–96
Upadhyaya HD, Ortiz R, Bramel PJ, Singh S (2001b) Development of Asia region groundnut core collection. In: Diamond jubilee symposium on hundred years of post-mendelian genetics-retrospect and prospects. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 6–9 November 2001
Upadhyaya HD, Bramel PJ, Ortiz R, Singh S (2002) Developing a mini core of peanut for utilization of genetic resources. Crop Sci 42:2150–2156
Upadhyaya HD (2003) Phenotypic diversity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) core collection assessed by morphological and agronomical evaluations. Genet Res Crop Evol 50:539–550
Upadhyaya HD, Ortiz R, Bramel PJ, Singh S (2003) Development of groundnut core collection using taxonomical, geographical and morphological descriptors. Genet Res Crop Evol 50:139–148
Upadhyaya HD (2005) Variability for drought resistance related traits in the mini core collection of peanut. Crop Sci 45:1432–1440
Upadhyaya HD, Reddy LJ, Gowda CLL, Singh S (2006) Identification of diverse groundnut germplasm: sources of early-maturity in a core collection. Field Crops Res 97:261–271
Upadhyaya HD, Bhattacharjee R, Hoisington DA, Chandra S, Varshney RK, Valls JFM, Moretzsohn MC, Leal-Bertioli S, Guimaraes P, Bertioli D (2008) Molecular characterization of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) composite collection. In: Project Abstracts, GCP Annual Meeting, pp 51–52. Bangkok, Thailand, 16–20 September 2008
Upadhyaya HD, Mukri G, Nadaf HL, Singh S (2012) Variability and stability analysis for nutritional traits in the mini core collection of peanut. Crop Sci 52:168–178
Upadhyaya HD, Sharma S, Dwivedi SL (2014) Genetic resources, diversity and association mapping in peanut. In: Nalini M, Varshney RK (eds) Genetic, genomics and breeding of peanuts. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York
Valls JFM, Simpson CE (2005) New species of Arachis (Leguminosae) from Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia. Bonplandia 14:35–63
Waliyar F, Vijay Krishna Kumar K, Diallo M, Traore A, Mangala UN, Upadhyaya HD, Sudini H (2016) Resistance to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination in ICRISAT’s groundnut mini core collection. Eur J Plant Pathol 145(4):901–913
Wang ML, Sukumaran S, Barkley NA, Chen Z, Chen CY, Guo B, Pittman RN, Stalker HT, Holbrook CC, Pederson GA, Yu J (2011) Population structure and marker-trait association analysis of the U.S. peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) mini-core collection. Theor Appl Genet 123:1307–1317
Wang ML, Chen CY, Tonnis B, Barkley NA, Pinnow DL, Pittman RN, Davis J, Holbrook CC, Stalker HT, Pederson GA (2013) Oil, fatty acid, flavonoid, and resveratrol content variability and FAD2A functional SNP genotypes in the U.S. peanut mini-core collection. J Agric Food Chem 61:2875–2882
Wang HM, Lei Y, Wan LY, Yan LY, Lv JW, Dai XF, Ren XP, Guo W, Jiang HF, Liao BS (2016) Comparative transcript profiling of resistant and susceptible peanut post-harvest seeds in response to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. BMC Plant Biol 16:1–16
Wright GC, Nageswara Rao RC, Farquhar GD (1994) Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut under water deficit conditions. Crop Sci 34:92–97
Yu SL (2011) Peanut Genetics and Breeding in China. Shanghai Scientific and Technology Press, Shanghai, China (in Chinese). ISBN: 978-7-5478-0610-4/S-23
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liao, B. (2017). Germplasm Characterization and Trait Discovery in Peanut. In: Varshney, R., Pandey, M., Puppala, N. (eds) The Peanut Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63935-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63935-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63933-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63935-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)