Skip to main content

Genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ticks of Europe and North Africa

Abstract

There are a total of 59 species of ticks in this genus, grouped into about 9 subgenera, that have been reported from the Palaearctic region (Guglielmone et al. 2014).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arthur DR (1953) The systematic status of Ixodes percavatus var. rothschildi Nuttall & Warburton. Parasitology 43:222–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur DR (1957) Two North African Ixodes ticks. I. kaiseri sp. nov. from Egyptian desert fox cub. A redescription of the female and a description of the male of I. festai Rondelli, 1926 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). J Parasitol 43:578–585

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur DR (1965) Ticks of the genus Ixodes in Africa. Athlone Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubert MFA (1977) Description du mâle de Pholeoixodes rugicollis (Schulze and Schlottke, 1929) (Acariens Ixodina). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 52:481–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balashov YS, Grigor’eva LA, Oliver JH Jr (1998) Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization in ixodid ticks of the Ixodes ricinus-I. persulcatus group (Acarina, Ixodidae). Entomol Rev 78:500–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Bugmyrin SV, Belova OA, Ieshko EP, Bespyatova LA, Karganova GG (2015) Morphological differentiation of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrid larvae in experiment and under natural conditions. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 6:129–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camicas JL, Hervy JP, Adam F, Morel PC (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades décrits, hôtes, répartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford CM, Sonenshine DE, Keirans JE, Kohls GM (1965) Systematics of the subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). 1. The subgenera of Ixodes. Ann Entomol Soc Am 66:489–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contini C, Palmas C, Seu V, Stancampiano L, Usai F (2011) Redescription of the male of Ixodes festai Rondelli, 1926 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) on specimens from Sardinia (Italy). Parasite 18:235–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cordas T, Aeschlimann A, Morel PC (1993) Étude morphologique des Ixodidae s. str. (Schulze, 1937) de Suisse au microscope électronique à balayage. Acarologia XXXIV:21–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Cringoli G, Iori A, Rinaldi L, Veneziano V, Genchi C (2005) “Zecche”. Mappe Parassitologiche, Facoltà di Medidina Veterinaria, Naples, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Doby JM (1998) Contribution à la connaissance de la biologie de Ixodes (Trichotoixodes) pari Leach (=I. frontalis (Panzer)) (Acari: Ixodidae), tique spécifique des oiseaux. Acarologia XXXIX:315–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Emelyanova ND (1979) Taxonomic status of ixodid ticks of the genus Pholeoixodes within the subfamily Ixodinae and its division into subgenera. In: Efimov MV, Pronin NM (eds) Zooparasitology of Lake Baikal Bassin. Akad. Sauk SSSR, Sib. Otd. Buret. Filial, Otd. Biol., pp 5–27 (in Russian, English Translation NAMRU3 T1739)

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Peña A, Nava S, Petney T (2014) Description of all the stages of Ixodes inopinatus n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 5:734–743

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA (1972) New data on ticks of the genus Ixodes Latreille (Ixodidea, Ixodidae) which are specific bat parasites. Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, pp 279–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA (1974) Ixodes eldaricus and its distribution in southern USSR. Parazitologiya 8:504–514 (in Russian, English translation NAMRU-3, T1554)

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA (1977) Ixodid ticks (Ixodinae). Fauna USSR New Series, vol 4, pp 1–316 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA (1985) The taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acarina, Ixodidae). Morphology, systematics, ecology, medical importance. Soviet Committee for the UNESCO Programme Man and Biosphere, Leningrad, Russia, 416 pp (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA (1997) Fauna of Russia and neighbouring countries. Arachnoidea, Ixodid ticks of subfamily Amblyomminae, Vol IV (5), Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, New Series 145, Nauka Publishing House, St Petersburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA (1999) The intraspecific taxonomic structure and identification of closely related species of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae). Parazitologiya 34:81–91 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA, Panova IV (2000) Intraspecific variation of nest ambushing tick Ixodes crenulatus (Ixodidae). Parazitologiya 34:265–279 (in Russian)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippova NA, Uspenskaya IG (1973) Ixodes kaiseri Arthur 1957 (Ixodidae) species taxonomic status. Parazitologiya 7:297–306 (in Russian, NAMRU3 translation T636)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilot B, Beaucournu JC (1998) Book review: Ticks of North-West Europe by Paul D. Hillyard 1996. Parasite 5:206–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilot B, Perez C (1978) Individualisation et caracterisation de deux Ixodes actuellement confondus: I. festai Rondelli, 1926, I. ventalloi Gil Collado, 1936 (Acarina, Ixodoidea). Revue Suisse Zool 85:143–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilot B, Couatarmanach A, Guiguen C, Beaucournu J (1992) Biology and ecology of Ixodes acuminatus Neumann, 1901, its hosts, seasonal activity and distribution in France. Ann Parasitol Humaine Comparée 67:19–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gothe R, Stendel W, Holm R (1977) Zum Vorkommen von Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1848, in Deutschland, ein Beitrag zur Ixodes-Fauna. Zeitsch. Parasitenkunde 53:123–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guegan J, Vermeil C (1971) Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke 1929. Compléments à l’étude du stade larvaire. Acarologia 13:36–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmone AA, Robbins RG, Apanaskevich DA, Petney TN, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG (2009) Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008. Exp Appl Acarol 48:311–327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmone AA, Robbins RG, Apanaskevich DA, Petney TN, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG, Shao R, Barker SC (2010) The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species names. Zootaxa 2528:1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmone AA, Robbins RG, Apanaskevich DA, Petney TN, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG (2014) The hard ticks of the world (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Springer, Dordrecht, p 738

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Guiguen C, Beaucournu JC (1984) Description of the male Ixodes (Scaphixodes) unicavatus Neumann, 1908 (Acarina, Ixodidae). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 59:271–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haarløv N (1962) Variation in the ixodid tick, Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke 1929. Parasitology 52:425–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heylen D, De Coninck E, Jansen F, Madder M (2014) Differential diagnosis of three common Ixodes spp. ticks infesting songbirds of Western Europe: Ixodes arboricola, I. frontalis and I. ricinus. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 5:693–700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillyard PD (1996) Ticks of north-west Europe. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogstraal H, Kaiser MN, Seymour C, Gaber S (1967) Noteworthy recent tick records from Egypt. 1. Ixodes arboricola Schulze and Schlottke infesting resident, migrant, and wintering birds in the western coastal desert. J Egyp Public Health Assoc 42:223–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horak IG, Camicas JL, Keirans JE (2002) The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida): a world list of valid tick names. Exp Appl Acarol 28:27–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornok S, Kontschán J, Kováts D, Kovács R, Angyal D, Görföl T, Mihalca AD (2014) Bat ticks revisited: Ixodes ariadnae sp. nov. and allopatric genotypes of I. vespertilionis in caves of Hungary. Parasit Vectors 7:202

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornok S, Kontschán J, Estrada-Peña A, Fernández de Mera IG, Tomanovic S, de la Fuente J (2015) Contributions to the morphology and phylogeny of the newly discovered bat tick species, Ixodes ariadnae in comparison with I. vespertilionis and I. simplex. Parasit Vectors 8:47

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaenson TG, Värv K, Fröjdman I, Jääskeläinen A, Rundgren K, Versteirt V, Golovljova I (2016) First evidence of established populations of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Sweden. Parasit Vectors 9:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser MN, Hoogstraal H, Watson G (1974) Ticks (Ixodoidea) on migrating birds in Cyprus, fall 1967 and spring 1968 and epidemiological considerations. Bull Entomol Res 64:97–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolonin GV (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. http://www.kolonin.org/. Accessed 15 May 2012 (Please note this page is no longer working)

  • Kovalev SY, Golovljova TA, Mukhacheva TA (2015) Natural hybridization between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks evidenced by molecular genetics methods. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 7:113–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latrofa MS, Giannelli A, Persichetti MF, Pennisi MG, Solona-Gallego L, Brianti E, Parisi A, Wall R, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D (2017) Ixodes ventalloi: morphological and molecular support for species integrity. Parasitol Res 116:251–258. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5286-5289

  • Manilla G (1998) Fauna d’Italia. Acari, Ixodida. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 280 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Manilla G, Iori A (1992) Chiave illustrata delle zecche d’Italia. I. Stadi larvali delle specie della sottofamiglia Ixodinae (Acari, Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Parassitologia 34:83–95

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manilla G, Iori A (1993) Chiave illustrata delle zecche d’Italia. II. Stadi ninfali delle specie della sottofamiglia Ixodidae (Acari, Ixodoidea, Ixoddae). Parassitologia 35:37–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Márquez FJ, Morel P-C, Guiguen C, Beaucournu JC (1992) Clé dichotomique des Ixodidae d’Europe. I. Les larves du genre Ixodes. Acarologia 33:325–330

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy KD, Boulinier T, Tirard C, Michalakis Y (2003) Host-dependent genetic structure of parasite populations: differential dispersal of seabird tick host races. Evolution 57:288–296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morel PC (2003) Les tiques d’Afrique et du Bassin méditerranéen (1965-1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel PC, Aubert MFA (1975) Contribution à la connaisance de Pholeoixodes rugicollis (Schulze and Schlottke, 1929) (Acariens Ixodina). Cahiers ORSTOM. Ser Entomol Med Parasitol 13:99–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel PC, Graf JF (1997) Morpohlogie des stases préimaginales des Ixodidae s. st. d’Europe Occidentale. VII. Description de la larve te de la nymphe d’Ixodes apronophorus Schulze, 1924. Acarologia, XIX:587–592

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel P, Pérez-Eid C (1978a) Morphology of immature stages of Ixodidae s. str. from occidental Europe. 5. Larvae of Ixodes s. str. Acarologia 19:395–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel P, Pérez-Eid C (1978b) Morphology of immature stages of Ixodidae s. str. from occidental Europe. 6. Nymphs of Ixodes s. str. Acarologia 19:579–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Norte AC, Lopes de Carvalho I, Ramos JA, Gonçalves M, Gern L, Núncio S (2012) Diversity and seasonal patterns of ticks parasitizing wild birds in western Portugal. Exp Appl Acarol 58:327–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nosek J, Balat F (1982) Infestation of migratory birds with Ixodes ricinus and I. arboricola ticks. Biologia 37:215–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak-Chmura M (2011) Ixodes eldaricus Djaparidze, 1950 (Ixodidae) on migrating birds, reported first time in Poland. Vet Parasitol 186:399–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos B, Morel PC, Aeschlimann A (1996) Ticks of domestic animals in the Macedonia region of Greece. Vet Parasitol 63:25–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Eid C (2007) Les tiques. Identification, biologie, importance médicale et vétérinaire. Editions Tec & Doc, Paris, 314 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Petney TN, Beichel E, Maiwald M, Hassler D (1996) Ixodes ventalloi: a new tick record for Germany. Appl Parasitol 37:96–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Petney TN, Pfäffle MP, Skuballa JD (2012) An annotated checklist of the ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of Germany. Syst Appl Acarol 17:115–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Petney TN, Moser E, Littwin N, Pfäffle M, Muders SV, Taraschewski H (2015) Additions to the “Annotated Checklist of the Ticks of Germany”: Ixodes acuminatus and Ixodes inopinatus. Syst Appl Acarol 20:221–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantzev BI (1950) Ixodid ticks (Ixodidae). Fauna SSSR, Paukoobraznye, vol 4(2), Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad, 224 pp (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Randolph SE (1975a) Seasonal dynamics of a host-parasite system: Ixodes trianguliceps (Acarina: Ixodidae) and its small mammal hosts. J Animal Ecol 44:425–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph SE (1975b) Patterns of distribution of the tick Ixodes trianguliceps Birula on its hosts. J Animal Ecol 44:451–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reznik PA (1961) Contribution to study of immature stages of the tick family Ixodidae. Communication six. Description of Ixodes frontalis Panzer larvae and nymphs and Ixodes redikorzev Olenev larvae. Trudy Nauch. Islled. Protiv. Kavk. Zakavk., vol 5, pp 276–286 (in Russian, English Translation T382, NAMRU-3, Cairo, Egypt)

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos-Silva MM, Beati L, Santos AS, De Sousa R, Núncio MS, Melo P, Bacellar F (2011) The hard-tick fauna of mainland Portugal (Acari: Ixodidae): an update on geographical distribution and known associations with hosts and pathogens. Exp Appl Acarol 55:85–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saratsiotis A (1970) Etude morphologique et observations biologiques sur Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 45:661–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Schembri PJ (2003) Current state of knowledge of the Maltese non-marine fauna. In: Malta environment and planning authority annual report and accounts 2003. Malta Environment and Planning Authority, Floriana, pp 33–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Sénevet G, Rodhain F (1968) Larves des principales espèces du genre Ixodes d’Europe Occidentale et Centrale. Description de la larva d’Ixodes festai Rondelli 1926. Ann Parasitol 43:513–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Siuda K (1993) Kleszcze Polski. Monografie Parazytologiczne. Polsk. Towarzystwo Parazytol. II, p 375

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonenshine DE, Kohls GM, Clifford CM (1969) Ixodes crenulatus Koch, 1844 synonomy with Ixodes kaiseri Arthur, 1957 and redescriptions of the male, female, nymph, and larva (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acarologia 11:193–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Teng KF (1973) Some chinese ticks (genus Ixodes). Two new species (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acta Entomol Sinica 16:73–81 (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser M, Massner C, Rehbein S (2011) Massive infestation with fur mites Lynxacarus mustelae of a stone marten (Martes foina) from Tyrol. Wiener Klin Wochenschr (Supplement 1), pp 36–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter G, Liebisch A, Streichert J (1979) Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Verbreitung von Zecken (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) in Norddeutschland. I. Die Vogelcecken Ixodes lividus (C.L. Koch 1844) und Ixodes arboricola (Schulze & Schlottke 1929). Z Angew Zool 66:65–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguti N, Tipton VJ, Keegan HL, Toshioka S (1971) Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands. Brigham Young University, Science Bulletin, Biological Series, vol 15, 226 pp

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Estrada-Peña .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Estrada-Peña, A., Pfäffle, M.P., Petney, T.N. (2017). Genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795. In: Estrada-Peña, A., Mihalca, A., Petney, T. (eds) Ticks of Europe and North Africa. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63760-0_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics