Abstract
Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims has expressly included the exploitation of criminal activities as one of the possible purposes of this crime. Consequently, not only was the concept of human trafficking broadened but also the difficulties in identifying victims, particularly in this type of exploitation in which many trafficked people are actually treated as criminals. This chapter will examine the wide variety of actions that can amount to human trafficking for criminal exploitation, using facts and cases reported by governmental and nongovernmental organizations as key documents. These experiences will highlight the challenges of differentiating between criminals and trafficking victims and will serve as a basis for suggesting some improvements in order to guarantee victims’ protection.
References
Borg Jansson D (2015) Modern Slavery: A Comparative Study of the Definition of Trafficking in Persons. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden.
Broad R (2015) “A vile and violent thing”: Female traffickers and the criminal justice response. The British Journal of Criminology 55(6):1058–1075.
Burland P (2017) Villains not Victims? An Examination of the Punishment of Vietnamese Nationals Trafficked for Cannabis Cultivation in the United Kingdom. Paper presented and discussed during session 6 on “States and Categorizations in Mixed Migration” at the International Seminar on Mixed Migration in Southeast and East Asia. Retrieved from: http://un-act.org/publication/villains-not-victims-examination-punishment-vietnamese-nationals-trafficked-cannabis-cultivation-united-kingdom/
Council of the Baltic Sea States- Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at Risk (2013) Children Trafficked for Exploitation in Begging and Criminality: a Challenge for Law Enforcement and Child Protection. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/publications/children-trafficked-exploitation-begging-and-criminality-new-report_en
Crocker R, Skidmore M, Webb S, Garner S, Martin G, Graham J (2017) Uncovering Organized Shoplifting and Theft Networks. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 48:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pax048
EUROPOL (2016) Situation Report: Trafficking in human beings in the EU. The Hague. Document Ref No: 765175. Retrieved from: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/trafficking-in-human-beings-in-eu
EUROPOL (2014) Child trafficking for the exploitation in forced criminal activities and forced begging. Intelligence Notification 16/2014. Retrieved from: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/child-trafficking-for-exploitation-in-forced-criminal-activities-and-forced-begging
Hales L and Gelsthorpe L (2012) The Criminalisation of Migrant Women. Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. Retrieved from: http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/loraine_gelsthorpe/criminalreport29july12.pdf
Home Office (2017) Criminal Exploitation of children and vulnerable adults: County Lines guidance. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/626770/6_3505_HO_Child_exploitation_FINAL_web__2_.pdf
Hurtado M, Iranzo Dosdad A, Gómez Hernández S (2017) The relationship between human trafficking and child recruitment in the Colombian armed conflict. Third World Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1408404
RACE (2014) Trafficking for Forced Criminal Activities and Begging in Europe: Exploratory Study and Good Practice Examples. Retrieved from http://www.antislavery.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/trafficking_for_forced_criminal_activities_and_begging_in_europe.pdf
Renzetti CM, Bush A, Castellanos M, Hunt G (2015) Does training make a difference? An evaluation of a specialized human trafficking training module for law enforcement officers. Journal of Crime and Justice. 38(3): 334–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2014.997913
Schloenhardt A, Markey-Towler R (2016) Non-Criminalisation of Victims of Trafficking in Persons_ Principles, Promises, and Perspectives. Groningen Journal of International Law 4(1):10–38.
Skrivankova K (2018) Defining exploitation in the context of trafficking- what is a crime and what is not. In: Piotrowicz R, Rijken C, Uhl BH (eds) Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking. Routledge, Abingdon, p 109–119.
Tri.x (2017) Modern Slavery – Criminal Exploitation of Children in Cannabis Cultivation. Retrieved from: http://www.trixonline.co.uk/website/news/pdf/policy_briefing_No-203.pdf
United Nations (2010) Model Law against Trafficking in Persons. Retrieved from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Model_Law_against_TIP.pdf
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (2016) Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. Retrieved from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf
United Nations Working Group on Trafficking in Persons (2015) Key concepts of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, with a focus on the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime issue papers on abuse of a position of vulnerability, consent and exploitation. CTOC/COP/WG.4/2015/4. Retrieved from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/organized_crime/2015_CTOC_COP_WG4/V1506009.pdf.
United States of America Department of State (2014) The Use of Forced Criminality: Victims behind the Crime. Retrieved from: https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/233938.pdf
Villacampa C, Torres N (2017) Human Trafficking for Criminal Exploitation: The Failure to Identify Victims. Eur J Crim Policy Res (2017) 23:393–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-017-9343-4
Villacampa C, Flórez K (2017) Human trafficking for criminal exploitation and participation in armed conflicts: the Colombian case. Crime Law Soc Change 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9765-4
Villacampa C, Torres N (2015) Trafficked Women in Prison: The Problem of Double Victimisation. Eur J Crim Policy Res 21:99–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-014-9240-z
Sands C (2018) Child Criminal Exploitation: county lines gangs, child trafficking & modern slavery defences for children. In: Youth Justice Legal Centre. Retrieved from https://yjlc.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Modern-Slavery-Guide-2018.pdf
Siegel D, De Blank, S (2010) Women who traffic women: The role of women in human trafficking networks: Dutch cases. Global Crime 11(4):436–447
Spanish Intelligence Centre for Counter-Terrorism and Organised Crime (CITCO) (2016) Prevención y lucha contra la trata de seres humanos. Balance 2016. Retrieved from http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/10180/5791067/Balance+2016+de+prevenci%C3%B3n+y+lucha+contra+la+trata+de+seres+humanos+en+Espa%C3%B1a.pdf/18f0a3fd-18ab-4719-8f3b-c810c5619808
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Rodríguez-López, S. (2019). Telling Victims from Criminals: Human Trafficking for the Purposes of Criminal Exploitation. In: Winterdyk, J., Jones, J. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63192-9_17-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63192-9_17-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63192-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63192-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Law and CriminologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences